Brooks: Diplomacy and the Borderlads 43

the Texas settlements." Among the first acts of the revolutionary
government set up by the priest Hidalgo in the Mexican uprising
of 1810 was the sending to Washington of an agent, one Bernardo
Guti6rrez. This man, who was received by high officials there but
who failed to win their support, organized an expedition on the
border that carried on after the original uprising in Mexico had
been quelled.
 Guti6rrez enlisted the aid of a former United States army officer,
Augustus McGee, who acted as the real leader in an invasion of
Texas in 1812.With a large following of "Anglo-American" adven-
turers and some Indians, the group advanced until in the spring
of the following year they captured San Antonio. McGee had died
en route, and Guti6rrez was deposed following the brutal execution
of Governor Manuel Salcedo. The command then fell to Joe6
Alvarez de Toledo, once a deputy in the Cortes at Cadiz, who had
only a few months before offered to betray the expedition by sell-
ing information of it to Onfs." In August, 1813, the enterprise was
broken up by the Royalists, who took cruel vengeance on their
captives. The eastern part of the province suffered seriously from
these encounters.
 Toledo continued his propaganda, attempting to organize fur-
ther revolutionary movements for the invasion of Mexico through
Texas. But he quarreled with the two other leaders in the same
sort of activity-Humbert, a Frenchman, and Dr. John Robinson.
The latter, the surgeon of the Pike expedition, had gone to Mexico
as an agent of the United States government in 1812. On his return
he used his observations as the basis for appealing to Westerners
to join him in an effort to free the Spanish colony. Robinson got as
far as holding a meeting at Natchez in 1814, and Toledo gathered
some forces on the Sabine in the following year. But neither made
an actual invasion. That was to be left for a French venture from
the Gulf Coast in 1817, and one more "Anglo-American" episode
two years later.
 NEW MExIco
 In 1776 the northern frontier of Mexico was reorganized as the
 Provincias Internas. Through a series of changes the region came
 to be divided into the Eastern Interior Provinces, including Texas,
 Coahuila, Nuevo Santander, and Nuevo Le6n; and the Western,
 including New Mexico, Nueva Vizcaya, Sinaloa, Sonora, and the