Brooks: Diplomay and the BorderiMnda 5

Spanish treaties of 1763 and 1783). Livingston, after the purchase,
began arguing for the former interpretation.
 Great consternation on the part of Spain arose over the Louisi-
ana Purchase. Irujo at Washington protested its illegality, on two
counts. First, the French ambassador in Madrid had signed a
promise that Louisiana would not be alienated by France. The
United States contended that this in no way affected her title,
which could not be impaired by such an agreement. A similar re-
buttal was offered to Irujo's complaint that the French title was
void owing to nonfulfillment of Napoleon's promise, likewise in
the Treaty of San Ildefonso, to provide for Charles IVs son-in-law,
the Duke of Parma, the kingdom of Tuscany, enlarged to have a
population of a million. Failing in these protests, Irujo in 1804
was instructed to withdraw his contentions.
 Shortly before the transfer of Louisiana to the United States,
 Spain had restored the right of deposit at New Orleans. But her
 consternation over the Louisiana Purchase was expressed when
 she declined to ratify the Convention of 1802, brought back to Ma-
 drid in 1804 after its Inal approval by the United States Senate.
 This convention hung in the balance for the next fourteen years
 More trouble ensued over the vagueness concerning West Flor-
 ida. Spain maintained that, having received the Floridas back
 from England, she still held them, with the same western limits
 that the English had enjoyed, but with allowance for the establish-
 ment in 1795 of the limit of thirty-one degrees on the north. Quot-
 ing the Treaty of San ldefonso, and the Louisiana Purchase treaty
 in its definition of Louisiana as having "the Same extent that it
 now has in the hands of Spain, & that it had when France possmed
 it; and Such as it Should be after the Treaties subsequently entered
 into between Spain and other States," the United States countered
 that this provided for the extension of Louisiana to the Perdido,
 the Franco-Spanish boundary of 1719. The latter opinion was so
 definitely held that in 1804 the Mobile Act authorized the organi-
 zation of the territory as a United States customs district.
 Meanwhile Pinekney had threatened war if the Convention of
 1802 were not ratified. He went to the foreign office with a chip
 on his shoulder, only to find that it became a heavy burden when
 his bluff was called. Monroe arrived in Spain as a special commis-
 sioner in January, 1805, to act with Pinckney.