as burdensome but a mortgage-free home, however modest and
inadequate, offers security and a means of survival on a limited
retirement income.
 Table 12 exhibits normal living costs anticipated at age 65
 for both white and Negro families in the rural South. Costs
 appear to be low, averaging around $45 and $21 per month for
 white and Negro families, respectively. These costs represent
 about 25 per cent of anticipated retirement incomes, which were
 projected to be $165 for white families and $82 for Negro
 families (page 13).

 Table 12 -Selected mean annual family expenditures anticipated during
 retirement, 934 rural white and 154 Negro families, 1964.

 White Negro
 Cost-of-Living Item
 Dollars Per cent Dollars Per cent
Utilities 224 41.2 129 51.6
Home upkeep 118 21.7 24 9.6
Taxes 35 6.4 8 3.2
Property insurance* 28 5.1 9 3.6
Yard care 9 1.7 1 0.4
Personal insurance** 46 8.5 33 13.2
Hobbies and clubs 37 6.8 10 4.0
Pleasure travel 30 5.5 17 6.8
Credit payments 17 3.1 19 7.6
Totals 544 100.0 250 100.0
 *Premiums on property, household possessions, and automobiles.
 *Premiums on life, burial, hospital and medical insurance.

 The average cost of utilities, usually electric power and
natural or liquid gas, surpasses all other item costs exhibited.
Normal living costs anticipated, excluding items which can vol-
untarily be discontinued, averaged $414 per year for white
families and $171 for Negro families. Insurance and credit
payments totaled $63 for white families and $52 for Negro
families, leaving $67 and $27 for whites and Negroes, respective-
ly for recreational and miscellaneous purposes. This mean the
average white family expects to spend little more than $5 per
month after retirement for reading material, hobbies, social par-
ticipation, pleasure travel, and personal uses, as against $2 per
month for the Negro family. Because of these income restric-
tions, many retirees read but little and participate in social
activities even less, yet some do pursue low-cost hobbies, es-
pecially fishing.
 White families expect to have around $120 per month to
cover expenditures for food, clothing, transportation, personal
medical costs and miscellaneous items, and Negro families, $61.