ON MAS. 207

that the dogs of the present day are more knowing
than those which lived a thousand years ago; but the
inen of this age are much better acquainted with
numberless arts and sciences, than their remote an-
cestors; since by the use of speech, and of writing
(which is speech addressed to the eye), every age adds
its own discoveries to all former ones. ‘This know-
ledge of the past also gives a man a great insight into
the future. Shakspeare excellently defines man, by
saying, that he is a creature “ made with large dis-
course, looking before and after.”

C. Brute animals must surely know something of
the future, when they lay up a store of provision for
the winter P

# No—it 1s pretty certain that this 1s not the case,
for they will do 1t as much the first year of their lives
as any other. Young bees turned out of their hive, as
socn ag they have swarmed, and got a habitation, begin
laying up honey, though they cannot possibly foresee
the use they shall have for it. There are a vast
number of actions of this sort in brute animals, which
are directed to a useful end, but an end of which the
animal knows nothing. And this is what we call m-
stinct, and properly distinguished from reason. Man
has less of 1¢ than almost any other animal, because
he requires it less. Another point of essential differ-
ence is, that man is the only animal that makes use
of instruments in any of his actions. He 1s a fool-
making and machine-making animal. By means of this
faculty alone, he is everywhere Lord of the creation,
and has equally triumphed over the subtlety of the
cunning, the swiftness of the fleet, and the force of the
strong. He is the only animal that has found out the
use of jire, a most important acquisition.

C. I have read of some large apes, that will come
and sit round a fire in the woods, when men have left
tt, but have not the sense to keep it in, by throwing on
sticks.

# Still less, then, could they hghta fire. Jn conse-