Insecticides
 The third and most direct method is use of insecticides. These
should be employed when grazing or harvesting methods cannot
be used. Chemical controls have definite limitations as to insects
killed, human and animal toxicity, and Federal Food and Drug
Administration regulations. These control programs should use
only the latest Agricultural Extension Service and label informa-
tion for maximum effectiveness and safety.
 No insecticides are recommended for use against spittlebugs
on pangolagrass in Florida. Toxaphene and other chemicals have
been effective against this insect in many places, but not when
the nymph is surrounded by a spittle mass buried deep in vege-
tative material.
 This insect has been controlled in Coastal bermudagrass by
early spring burning, but the method has little promise for use
with pangolagrass. Harvest of forage or close grazing to prevent
heavy growth of grass in midsummer is the best approach to this
problem. New plantings and recently renovated areas are less
affected than old sods.
 Control recommendations for aphids and worms are given in
Table 4 (32). It is observed that insect infestations in pastures
usually start in small isolated areas. Therefore it is advisable to
make frequent inspections and spot treat before infestations be-
come general. This not only saves on insecticides, but may pre-
vent excessive injury and reduce the residue problem.

 Stunt Disease
 Research workers in Surinam, South America, have reported
a virus-type stunt disease attacking pangolagrass with great
severity (6). It has been observed that affected plants lose
vigor and develop dwarfed stems with densely tufted leaves that
frequently exhibit red to yellow coloration. This condition is
distributed in various parts of the world where pangolagrass is
grown but has not been observed in Florida. Resistant grasses
that resemble pangolagrass have been introduced and tested.
Their performance is variable, but they represent a possible re-
placement in the event of invasion by stunt disease.

 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
 Pangolagrass was brought to the United States from South
Africa in 1935 and has since become widely used in tropical and
subtropical pasture areas of the world. It produces almost no