year period by plowing in midwinter, planting to field corn, and
replanting to pangolagrass in midsummer. After the last reno-
vation this pasture was lightly grazed or rested in late winter
and spring and the pangolagrass held its own. However, with
heavier grazing in 1963 and 1964, Common bermudagrass again
took over the pasture.
 It has been observed that pangolagrass and other grasses
used on organic soil pastures are more susceptible to cold dam-
age and slower in spring recovery when they go into the winter
in a tall, undergrazed, or unmowed condition than when they
are moderately grazed or harvested in late fall. It appears that
cold damage is a less important factor in the maintenance of
grass stands on these soils than is pasture management.
 Pangolagrass grown primarily for harvest is comparatively
unaffected by winterkilling or invasion by weeds and other
grasses. It is highly competitive when provided adequate fer-
tilizer and harvested at the early heading stage.


 INSECTS AND DISEASE
 Aphids
 The yellow sugarcane aphid [Sipha flava (Forbes)] (Figure
9) (18) is a major pest of pangolagrass, especially in the south-
central and southern parts of Florida. Other kinds of aphids
found on pangolagrass often are highly parasitized and fre-
quently brought under control by natural enemies. This is not
true of the yellow sugarcane aphid. Attack by these insects is
common in spring and fall months and especially when nights
are cool and days are warm. Affected grass leaves change from
green to yellow or red in color and growth is severely retarded.
Reduction in protein content and feeding quality is greater than
would be expected, even with light infestation. The protein
contents of aphid-infested and aphid-free pangolagrass on muck-
land pasture averaged 12% and 23%, respectively8. Severe
infestations turn the entire field brown and may cause thinning
of the sod. Damage is most apparent on actively growing grass,
but it has been shown that fertilization may actually reduce
aphid infestation (10). Aphids are easily detected by examining
boots and trouser cuffs after walking through suspected areas.
Shaking grass into the cupped palm will reveal the presence of
aphids more quickly than examination of individual leaves.

SGenung, W. G. Pasture and livestock insects and their control. Everglades
Exp. Sta. Mimeo Rept. 55-8. 1955.