both were harmful to rapid recovery. These practices removed
surface mulch, opened the way for spread of Common bermuda-
grass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.], and increased weed seed
germination. Recovery from winterkilling was most rapid on
undisturbed plots treated with 300 pounds per acre of complete
fertilizer. The same treatments on damaged grass in 1963 pro-
duced only limited differences in pangolagrass recovery because
the sod had been almost pure pangolagrass and there were few
weed seeds in the soil. Cultivation in addition to fertilization
and protection from grazing was of no benefit.
 Vigorous measures are required to renew winterkilled pango-
lagrass already invaded heavily by other grasses and weeds.
One method consists of winter and early spring cultivation of
the damaged sod to subdue surviving grasses, followed in June
by planting 1 ton per acre of pangolagrass cuttings. Harvesting
one or more of the succeeding crops for hay or silage favors
establishment.
 An alternative to cultivation and replanting of severely
 thinned sod is fertilization and subsequent harvest of the spring
 and summer growth for hay or silage. The upright growth of
 pangolagrass under these conditions gives it a competitive ad-
 vantage over lower growing grasses. This method is slower than
 replanting but may be useful where substantial amounts of har-
 vested forage are used in the year-around forage plan.

 Everglades
 Pangolagrass is used on a relatively small percentage of the
 pasture acreage of the peat and muck soils of the Everglades
 agricultural area. The principal problem on pangolagrass pas-
 ture is invasion by weeds and other grasses, primarily Common
 bermudagrass. Aphid attacks in November often weaken or al-
 most kill pangolagrass, and later periods of frost kill tender
 new growth. This permits small patches of bermudagrass to
 grow during winter months.
 The problem of maintaining pangolagrass in a pasture exists
 in direct proportion to the intensity of grazing. Cattle eat
 pangolagrass in preference to bermudagrass, permitting the
 latter to persist in the pasture through the summer and to ex-
 pand its coverage during the winter and spring. When bermuda-
 grass areas become solid, pangolagrass does not reestablish even
 if cattle are removed, because the pangolagrass runners lie on
 top of the bermudagrass with little chance of rooting down.
 A 20-acre pasture on the Everglades Experiment Station
 planted to pangolagrass in 1950 was renovated twice in a 10-