and show the most variation (.314). The FOB-retail margin is approxi-
mately 27 percent of the retail dollar and shows slightly more variation
than processing costs (Table 20).
 The most striking contrast between relative margins for marketing
channel participants is the extremely high FOB-retail margin on fresh
grapefruit accounting for 61 percent of the retail food dollar for the
past 13 seasons (Table 21). For every dollar a consumer has spent on
fresh grapefruit the past 13 seasons, 60 cents pays for services after
it leaves Florida packinghouses. Growers receive 20 cents and picking,
hauling, packing and selling expenses account for another 20 cents.
On-tree returns display the greatest variability with pick and haul
exhibiting similar instability.


 SUMMARY


 Grower's returns from citrus products vary considerably by product
and type of fruit. Also, growers have in general received a lower
percentage of the consumers' dollar spent on fresh fruit than on pro-
cessed products even though returns for fresh fruit have generally been
higher than returns from processed products.
 Costs of picking, hauling, packing and processing citrus products
have increased and are taking more of the industry's revenue. Materials
costs for all citrus products have been a major recent cost increase
factor. It seems quite clear that the industry should examine alternative
ways of packaging so that the materials cost increases can be controlled.
 For fresh fruit, the FOB-retail margin should be the target of
considerable research. An 8 percent reduction in the FOB-retail margin
would be as significant as eliminating all picking and hauling costs.
 Comparison of the coefficients of variation from Tables 19, 20, and
22 reveals that, in general, on-tree returns and pick and haul costs are
more variable than any of the components of the citrus marketing bill.