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process such that a greater output is now possible from the same bundle of inputs

from any of the following sources singly or in combination: (a) a change in

the quality of the input, i.e. the new technology is embedded in the input such

as a higher yielding variety of seed, or (b) a change in the economic organiza-

tion or use of the inputs, such as a recombination of the same inputs in a

fashion which results in higher output per unit of input, i.e. new knowledge on

the timingof fertilizer application without any change in amount or (c) a new

practice of farm operation, such as the time of planting or depth of planting,

which would result in higher yields without any other change in the quantity

and quality of inputs.

 Naturally, this "pure" or neutral notion of technological change which

appeals to the empirical economist interested in analytical rigor rarely

approximates the situation in the real world. This is especially true where

dramatic new factor inputs are available within which the new technology is

embedded but which cannot be obtained without altering the other inputs and their

mix.

 There is little question that dramatic technological breakthroughs have

been occurring for selected agricultural crops which in turn have been adopted

byfarmers and have had a dramatic impact upon agricultural productivity

[Griliches, 1958; Barletta, 1967; Evenson, 1967]. But there are also numerous

cases where a technical breakthrough has occurred on the research station

without adoption or significant impact on aggregate agricultural productivity

having taken place [Castillo, 1963]. A marvelous case study of where break-

throughs were made on two crops by the same organization with differing results

is the Rockefeller Foundation program in corn and in wheat in llexico [tyren

1969]. Similar evidence abounds in the literature and case studies of develop-

ment where a technological breakthrough was resisted by the farmers leading to