PAGE 1 flQ./ ....... SOIL CONSERVATION SERVICE tno -ECOLOGICAL OMMUNITIES OF FLORIDA "' ,, ___ i'" ,r ".., .. "MI" AA'J17 IV I CB32l1 1151 PAGE 3 TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction .......... 1 -North Florida Coastal Strand 2 South Florida Coastal Strand J Sand Pine Scrub . . . 'I -Longleaf Pine -Turkey Oak Hills 5 Mixed Hardwood and Pine 6 South Florida Flatwoods 7 -North Florida Flatwoods 8 -Cabbage Palm Flatwoods 9 Everglades Flatwoods 10 -Cutthroat Seeps ... 11 -Upland Hardwood Hammocks 12 -Wetland Hardwood Hammocks 13 Cabbage Palm Hammocks 14 Tropical Hammocks 15 -Oak Hammocks 16 Scrub Cypress 17 Cypress Swamp 18 -SaIL Marsh 19 -Mangrove Swamp 20 Bottomland Hardwoods 21 Swamp Hardwoods ... 22 Shrub Bogs Bay Swamps PAGlc 14 20 26 32 38 44 50 56 61 66 71 76 81 86 91 97 102 107 112 118 PAGE 4 23 -Pitcher Planl Bug;,; 24 Sawgrass Marsh Freshwa ter Harsh 26 -Slough ... Climatic Zone Map TABLE OF CONTENTS APPENDICES Appendix A--Correlation of Soils Series with Ecological Community Appendix B--Ecological Community Plant Tables Appendix C--Ecological CommulllLy Animal Tables List of Birds References PAGE 123 128 n1 141 146 PAGE 5 INTRODUCTION The ecological community concept as used in this booklet is based on the awareness that a soil type commonly supports a specific vegetative community, which in turn provides the habitat needed by specific wildlife species. These vegetative communities form recognizable units in the landscape, most of which are apparent to the casual observer after only a little training. Even with no botanical training, an observer can soon distinguish between pine. flatwoods and pine-turkey oak sandhills; between hardwood hammocks and cypress swamps; and between mangrove swamps and salt marsh. Once the community is recognized, information can be found concerning the general characteristics of the soil in which it occurs and the types of plants and animals that commonly occur there. In the mid-1970's, Soil Conservation Service plant and soil scientists began to try to draw all this information together for the communities most often encountered by SCS personnel in their work. Field studies were made, in addition to consulting many reference works. Twenty-six different communities were identified, although this is by no means a complete listing of communities occurring in Florida. Strictly aquatic communities (such as lakes, rivers and bays) were not included, and the 26 picked could obviously be broken down more--or lumped together--depending on which characteristics are of most interest. These 26 were picked based on how knowledge about them would be useful in SCS field work, which constantly involves environmental evaluations. The information was sent to SCS field office Technical Guides as a "working draft" in 1978. Since that time, field checks and refinements have been made and this booklet presents the up-dated information. This booklet has been developed primarily as a supplement to SCS Technical Guides for Florida. The communities described are essentially the climax types that occur in nature where man's influence has not greatly altered them. In other words, they have evolved through natural plant succession over long periods of time. Under this concept, even a cropfield would be expected to revert to a specific type of climax community if man's influence were removed. For instance, a Norfolk soil in northwest Florida that now supports a corn field was originally a Mixed Hardwood-Pine forest community and would return to that community within 50 to 75 years if the field were to be abandoned. By contrast, a Hontoon muck in south Florida that has been drained and is being used to produce vegetables would revert to a freshwater marsh within only a few years if the drainage were stopped. The more we recognize the characteristics and values of our natural ecological communities, the wiser the decisions we can make regarding the use and care of these resources. It is hoped that the information in this booklet will help to lead to these wise decisions. 1 PAGE 6 1 -NORTH FLORIDA COASTAL STRAND .I ..J 'Ii j KALa 'r, ar ,. r""1oU Gulf of Mexico ..... Map prepared by U. S. Department of Cpmmerce. Bureau of The Census. 1960. Corrected as of April 1965. U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. SOIL CONSERVATION SERVICE 2 COUll. Atlantic Ocean ,"". IUCM IIIOWAIIO FEBRUARY 1981 4-R-36720-1 FEBRUARY 1968 eASE 4-L-25770 PAGE 7 C038ter!:> of t rees vary greatly in different location!!, South Florida flatwoods are typical ly saV3nn3c.. {1 type of cOlIlDlunity between grassl;md and forest. Areas nnrth and of Luke Okeechobee have trees. PAGE 38 ECOLOGICAL NO. 6 SOUTH FLORIDA FLATWOODS OCCURRENCE The South Florida Flatwoods ecological community occurs throughout south and central Florida. The northern limit of its occurrence is approximately on a line from Levy County on the west to St. Johns County on the east. This community covers more land area than any other in south Florida. Individual communities may comprise several thousand acres and are typically with smaller communities of other types, especially wetlands. This community occurs on nearly level land. Water movement is very gradual to the natural drainageways, swamps, marshes, and ponds associated with this community. During the rainy season, usually June through September, this community may have water on or near the soil surface. It is easily identified by the flat topography and pine and palmetto vegetation. 1. SqJl The soils are nearly level, deep, acid, poorly to somewhat poorly drained, and coarse textured throughout or coarse textured in the upper part and moderately coarse textured or moderately fine textured in the lower part. Representative soils included: Braden, Eaton, Electra, Elred, Heights, Immokalee, Lawm'lood, Myakka, Nettles, Palmetto, Pomona, Smyrna and Waveland. Appendix A contains information on correlation of soil series with the appropriate ecological community. The landscape posItIon of this community affects plant-water relationships and causes slight differences in plant composition from wetter to drier areas. Although these differences are recognized, they are not significant to delineate as separate communities. the natural vegetation of this community is typically scattered pine trees with an understory of sawpalmetto and grasses. Some areas in extreme south Florida have few, if any, trees. These areas are often called prairies or dry prairies. The largest of these areas occur north and west of Lake Okeechobee. Plants which characterize this community are: TREES SHRUBS -Live oak, virgini.f!na; S lash pine, e1li,Q.!:!ii; South Florida slash pine, Pin..!1_s g11iotj:j.i var. den.1!.? Dwarf huckleberry, Gay1usJl.f!sjp dumosa; Gallberry, glabra; Sawpalmetto, Seren2E repens; Tarflower, efaxia racemos.?; Shining sumac, Rhus copalllQ.?; Waxmyrtle, cerifeX2 34 PAGE 39 HERBACEOUS PLANTS AND VINES Chalky bluestem, Creeping bluestem, Schizachyrium indiangrass, Sorghastrum secundum; dichotomiflorium; Low panicum, Panicum Aristida stricta Andorpogon capillipes; stoloniferum; Lopsided Fall panicum, Panicum spp.; Pineland threeawn, Information about plants that occur in specific ecological communities is in Appendix B. 3. Animals The South Florida Flatwoods is host to a diverse and numerous wildlife population. Many larger animals are found in areas where the flatwoods other communities. These ecotones provide nesting sites, den sites, food and cover. Typical animals of the flatwoods are: MAMMALS BIRDS REPTILES -Armadillo, eastern cottontail rabbit, cotton rat, deer, skunks, raccoon, opossum Bachman's sparrow, Bobwhite quail, brown-headed nuthatch, meadowlark, pileated woodpecker, pine warblers, red-bellied woodpecker, rufous-.sided towhee, yellow-throated warblers -Eastern diamondback rattlesnake, pygmy rattlesnake, yellow ratsnake AMPHIBIANS Oak toad, chorus frog, pinewoods tree frog Introduced feral hogs are common in much o the community. Information about animals known to occur in specific ecological communities is in Appendix C. LAND USE INTERPRETATIONS 1. Environmental Value as a Natural System Fire and water are the major stress conditions of this community. lire controls hardwoods and promote the natural regeneration of pine. Removal of fire will cause a successional move to a hardwood community. Flatwood communities are good cellulose producers and the original areas of predominantly longleaf pine have been logged. Areas in the northern part of the community are extensively used for timber Intensive management for pulp production can cause major changes i.n the vegetation. Without proper consideration this results in a low diversity of plants and an adverse change in some wildlife populations. Native forage production is good with proper management. Use for rangeland has only a light effect on the community if properly managed. Chopping and similar range practices result in more grasses and fewer shrubs. With sufficient cover left, the resulting increase in diversity usually leads to an increase in types and amount of wildlife. 35 PAGE 40 This community has good wildlife values, especially with proper management. It is especially important as a wildlife buffer zone between urban areas occurring on better drained sites. Water control practices and improved management techniques have facilitated the use of flatwoods for improved pasture, vegetables, citrus, and urban development. This is especially true in south Florida. 2. Rangeland This ecological community has the potential for producing significant amounts of high quality forage such as creeping bluestem, chalky bluestem, and indiangrass. It is Florida's most important community for the production of cattle on native range. For sites in excellent condition, the average annual production of air dry plant material varies from 3,000 to 6,000 pounds per acre. The variation depends on plant growth conditions. From 3 to 14+ acres are usually needed per animal unit depending upon amount and type. of forage available. there will be little forage available if the canopy cover exceeds 60 percent. The relative percentages of annual vegetative production by weight is 75 percent grasses and grasslike plants, 15 percent trees and shrubs, and 10 percent herbaceous plants. 3. Wildlifeland The South Florida Flatwoods is well suited for deer,. quail, and turkey. It is fair for squirrels and well suited for many songbirds, particularly warblers. It is also well suited for bobcat, skunks, opossums, and raccoons. It is poorly suited for dove. 4. Woodland This community has a moderate potential productivity for commercial wood production. There are moderate equipment limitations and seedling mortality due to wet soil conditions. The commercial species suitable for planting is slash pine. Potential annual growth is 0.9 cords per acre. The potential annual growth for longleaf pine is 0.5 cords per acre. Potential productivity is 18 percent less for soils south of a line from Hernando County in the west to Orange County in the east. 5. Urbanland This community is subject to water tables during the rainy seasons and has limitations for urban development. Water management systems are required for urban uses. It is often difficult to establish vegetation on steep channel side slopes and infertile spoil and special techniques may be required. Without vegetation, erosion and sedimentation is often a problem in some water management systems. Wind erosion is a problem unvegetated areas. This is especially severe in the spring. Native plants can be used for beautification and require minimum establishment and maintenance. Some of, the trees are American holly, cabbage palm, common persimmon, live oak, longleaf pine, and slash pine. Some of the shrubs are American beautyberry, coontie, coral bean, partridge pea, pawpaw, sawpalmetto, shining sumac, tarflower, and southern 36 PAGE 41 waxmyrt1e. Some of the herbaceous plants are blazing star, Catesby's lily, grass1eaf goldenaster, hibiscus, iris, meadowbeauty, sunflower, and zephyrli1y. The most Undisturbed wildlife. important urban wildlife are songbirds areas also provide good escape cover for like all warblers. forms of The following endangered and threatened wildlife species may be found 1n or around this community: -Florida panther, Felis concolor coryi; Mangrove fox squirrel, niger avicennia BIRDS -Crested Caracara, plancus; Florida grasshopper sparrow, Ammodramus savanllarum f10ridanus; Southeastern kestrel (Sparrow hawk), sparverius_ paulus; Red-cockaded woodpecker, Bald eagle, Ha1iaeetus REPTILES -Eastern indigo snake, corais couperi 37 PAGE 42 7 NORTH FLORIDA FLATWOODS SCALIE o 10 20 ]0 .., 50 WtLS r I I Gulf of Mexico Map prepared by U. S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of The Census, 1960, Corrected as of April 1965. U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, SOIL CONSERVATION SERVICE USDA-SCS-FORT WORTH TEXAS 1981 38 Atlantic Ocean FEBRUARY 1981 4-R-36720-7 FEBRUARY 1968 BASE 4-L-25770 PAGE 43 Woodland is a cOlI'Imon .tRnd use. 39 Typical North Florida flatwoods are open woodland, dominated h} pine trees. Saw palmetto, Serenoa repens, fs a shrub. PAGE 44 ECOLOGICAL COMMUNITY NO. 7 -NORTH FLORIDA FLATWOODS OCCURRENCE The North Florida Flatwoods ecological community occurs north of a line from Levy County on the west to St. Johns County on the east, and in the northwest portion of the state. It is quite extensive, occurring most frequently in the northeastern region of the state and the southern portion of the northwest region. Individual communities may comprise several thousand acres and are typically interspersed with smaller communities of other types, especially wetlands. DESCRIPTIONS This community occurs on nearly level land. Water movement is very gradual to the natural drainageways, swamps, ponds, and marshes associated with this community. Wet conditions prevail during the rainy season with the water table on or near the surface. It is easily identified by the flat topography, slash pine and sawpalmetto vegetation. Numerous soil types occur within this community. The soils are nearly level, deep, acid, poorly to somewhat poorly drained, and coarse textured or coarse textured in the upper part and moderately coa'rse textured or moderately fine textured in the lower part. Representative soils include: Chaires, Garcon, Leon, Lumber, Lutterluh, Lynn Haven, Mascotte, Olustee, Pelham, Pottsburg, Ridgeland, Sapelo, Scranton, and Talquin. Appendix A contains information on correlation of soil series with the appropriate ecological community. 2. Vegetation Slight differences in plant composition occur in this community depending upon location but these differences are of minor consequence. As this community is observed, a moderate to dense stand of pine trees is usually noted. An understory of sawpalmetto and grasses are also evident. Compared to the South Florida Flatwoods community, several differences are apparent. A shorter growing season and colder temperature have helped cause significant vegetative differences. More frequent interspersion of hardwood and cypress strands coupled with higher pine tree density reduces the open appearance. Close study reveals the following characteristic plants: TREES SHRUBS -Live oak, Quercus virginiana; Slash pine, Pinus elliottii Dwarf huckleberry, Gaylussacia dumosa; Gallberry, Ilex glabra; Sawpalmetto, repens; Shining sumac, lanceoluta; Tarf lower Befaria racemosa; Waxmyrtle, Myrica cerifera 40 PAGE 45 HERBACEOUS PLANTS AND VINES -Blackberry, Rubus spp.;Bracken fern, Pteridum aquilinum; Creeping beggarweed, Desmodium incanum; Deer tongue, Trilisa odoratissima,; Dog fennel, Eupatorium capillifolium; Gayfeather, Liatris gracilis; Greenbriar, Smilax auriculata; Milkwort, Polygala spp. GRASSES AND GRASSLIKE PLANTS Chalky bluestem, Andropogon capillipes; Broomsedge bluestem, Andropogon virginicus.; Yellow indiangrass, Sorghastrum nutans; Lopsided indiangrass, secundum; Low panicum, Panicum spp.; Pineland threeawn, Aristida Sedges, Cyperus spp. Other plants that are known to occur 1n this community are found in Appendix B. 3. Animals The North Florida Flatwoods are host to a diverse and numerous wildlife popUlation. Mnay larger animals are found in areas where the flatwoods J01n other communities. These.ecotones provide nesting sites, den sites, food and cover. Typical animals of the flatwoods are: MAMMALS -Bobcat, deer, cottontail rabbit, cotton rat, fox squirrel, gray fox, raccoon, opossum, skunk BIRDS Bachman's sparrow, Bobwhite quail, pine warbler, red-bellied woodpecker, red-shouldered hawk, rufous-sided towhee REPTILES -Eastern diamondback rattlesnake, pygmy rattlesnake AMPHIBIANS Chorus frog, cricket frog, grass frog, flatwoods salamander Introduced feral hogs Information on animals is in Appendix C. LAND USE INTERPRETATIONS are common in much of the flatwoods known to occur in specific ecological 1. Environmental Value as a community. communities Fire and water are the major stress conditions of this community. Modification of either condition will change the plant and animal composition. Removal of fire will cause a successional move to a hardwood community. Flatwoods communities are good cellulose producers because of their high net productivity. The original areas of predominantly longleaf pine have been logged. Extensive areas have been replanted to slash pine. Intensive management for pulp production can cause major changes 1n the vegetation. The result is a low diversity of plants and often adverse changes in types and amounts of some wildlife. 41 PAGE 46 Native forage production is good with proper woodland grazing practices. Proper rangeland use has only a slight effect on the community and results 1n more grasses and few shrubs. This often increases the type and amount of wildlife. Water control practices and improved management techniques have facilitated the use of flatwoods for improved pasture, vegetable production, and urban development. This effect is minimal in north Florida. This community has good wildlife values with proper management. It is also important as a buffer zone between urban areas. 2. Rangeland This ecological community has the potential for producing significant amounts of high quality forage such as chalky bluestem, indiangrass, and several of the panicum species. More pines occur in this community than in South Florida Flatwoods. Vegetative production differs from the South Florid Flatwoods community due to a shorter growing season and lower winter temperatures. For sites in excellent condition the average annual production of air dry plant material varies from 3,000 to 5,500 pounds per acre. This variation depends on plant growth conditions. From 5 to 15+ acres are usually needed per animal unit depending upon amount and type of forage available. For each 15 percent canopy cover, the stocking rate is reduced 15 percent. There will be little forage available if the canopy cover exceeds 60 percent. The relative percentages of annual vegetative production by weight is 65 percent grasses and grasslike plants, 25 percent trees and shrubs, and 10 percent herbaceous plants. 3. Wildlifeland The North Florida Flatwoods community is well suited for deer, quail and turkey. It is fair for squirrels and well suited for many songbirds, particularly warblers. It 1S also well suited for bobcat, skunks, opossums, and raccoons. It is poorly suited for dove. 4. Woodland This community has a moderate potential productivity for commercial wood production. There are moderate equipment limitations and seedling mortality due to wet soil conditions. The commercial species suitable for planting is slash pine. Potential annual growth is 0.9 cords per acre. The potential annual growth for longleaf pine is 0.5 cords per acre. 5. Urbanland This community 1S subject to high water tables during the rainy seasons and has limitations for urban Water management systems are required for urban uses. It is often difficult to establish vegetation on steep channel side slopes and infertile spoil. Special techniques may be required. Without vegetation, erosion and sedimentation is often a problem in some water management systems. Wind erosion is a problem 1n unvegetated areas. This is especially severe in the spring. Native plants can be used establishment and maintenance. for beautification Some of the trees 42 and are require minimum American holly, PAGE 47 cabbage palm, common persimmon, live oak, longleaf pine, and slash pine. Some of the shrubs are American beautyberry, coontie, coral bean, partridge pea, pawpaw, sawpalmetto, shining sumac, tarflower, and southern waxmyrtle. Some of the herbaceous plants are blazing star, Catesby's lily, grassleaf goldenaster, hibiscus, iris, meadowbeauty, sunflower, and zephyrlily. The most important urban wildlife are songbirds. Undisturbed areas also provide good escape cover for all forms of wildlife. ENDANGERED AND THREATENED PLANTS AND ANIMALS The following endangered or threatened plants are not common in this community, but may occur in some instances: SHRUBS Chapman's rhododendron, Rhododendron chapmanii The following threatened or endangered wildlife species may be found or around the community: MAMMALS BIRDS Florida black bear, Ursus americanus floridanus, Florida panther, Felis concolor Southeastern kestrel (Sparrow hawk), FalcQ sparverius paulus; Red-cockaded woodpecker, borealis; Florida sandhill crane, Grus canadensis pratensis; Bald eagle, Haliaeetus leucocepha lus. REPTILES -Eastern indigo snake, Drymarshon corais couperi 43 PAGE 48 8 -CABBAGE PALM FLATWOODS SCALE o I Sf MILES Gulf of Mexico Occurs mostly south of this line as small scattered communities and often adjacent to coastal areas, major drainageways and lakes. Map prepared by U. S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of The Census. 1960. Corrected as of Apri I 1965. U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, SOIL CONSERVATION SERVICE USOA-SCS-FORT WORTH. TEXAS 1981 44 MEMORY COLLIER Atlantic Ocean "IOWARD FEBRUARY 1981 4-R-36720-8 FEBRUARY 1968 BASE 4-L-25770 PAGE 49 Plant composition depends partly o n soil drainage and sites have more cabbagl;!" palm, IypLcd cabbage. p a l m f l ... tvood i n C ollie r County. Cabba}l;@ p alm, Sabal p a lmetto, t his communi t y PAGE 50 ECOLOGICAL COMMUNITY NO. 8 -CABBAGE PALM FLATWOODS OCCURRENCE The Cabbage Palm Flatwoods ecological community occurs throughout south Florida and, to a limited extent, in central Florida. The northern limit of its occurrence is approximately on a line from Levy County on the west to St. Johns County on the east. Small, isolated areas are found north of this line. Locally, it most often occurs adjacent to coastal areas, major drainageways, and lakes. Individual communities are typically interspersed with smaller communities of wetland types. DESCRIPTION This community occurs on nearly level land. Water movement is very gradual to and through the natural drainageways, swamps, ponds," and marshes associated with the community. During the rainy season, usually June through September, the water table is on or near the soil surface. Numerous soil types occur within this community. The soils are most often nearly" level, poorly to somewhat poorly drained, shallow to deep, and coarse textured to fine textured in the subsoil. Some parts of the subsoil are calcareous or it is neutral to moderately alkaline. The surface and subsurface layers "are coarse textured. Representative soils include Broward, Ft. Drum, Matmon, and Pinellas. Appendix A contains information on correlation of soil series with the appropriate ecological community. 2. Vegetation Slight differences plant composition occur depending upon water relationships. The slight wetter sites contain a higher percentage of grasses and herbaceous plants. Although these differences are recognized, they are not significant enough to delineate as separate communities. The natural vegetation of this community is typically scattered pine and cabbage pine with an understory of palmetto and grasses. There is considerable uniformity and openness. It is similar to the South Florida Flatwoods community except for a higher percentage of herbaceous plants and the presence of cabbage palms. The plants which characterize this community are: TREES SHRUBS Cabbage palm, Sabal palmetto; Slash pine, Pinus elliottii -Sawpalmetto, Serenoa repens; Tarflower, Befaria racemosa; Waxmyrtle, Myrica cerifera HERBACEOUS PLANTS AND VINES -Caesar weed, Urena lobata; Deer tongue, Creeping Trilisa beggarweed, Desmodium inc anum; 46 PAGE 51 odoratissima_; Gay feather, Liatris gracillis; Greenbriar, Smilax auriculata AND GRASSLIKE PLANTS -Creeping bluestem, Schizachyrium stoloniferum; Lopsided indiangrass, Sorghastrum secundum; Saltmarsh windmillgrass, Estachys glauca; Stiffleaf windmillgrass, Estachys petraea; Pineland threeawn, Aristida stricta Additional plants that are known to occur in this community are in Appendix B. 3. Animals The Cabbage Palm Flatwoods are habitat for a diverse and numerous wildlife population. Larger animals are found where the flatwoods join other communities, especially the wetlands. Typical animals are: MAMMALS BIRDS REPTILES -Cotton mice, cotton rat, cottontail rabbit, bobcat, deer, opossum, raccoon, striped skunks Bachman's sparrow, rufous-sided towhee bobwhite quail, red-shouldered hawk, Diamondback rattlesnake, PYFmy rattlesnake, black racer, yellow rat snake AMPHIBIANS Chorus frog, cricket frog, oak toad Tnf (Irma t ion on an ima Is known to occur in spe cific eco logical communities is in Appendix C. 1. Environmental Value as a Natural System Fire and water are the major stresses of this community. Fire 1S important in control of hardwoods. Removal of fire will cause a successional move to hardwoods. The kind of hardwoods will depend on soil conditions such as drainage. Flatwoods are good cellulose producers and nearly all of the original areas of pine have been harvested. Intensive management for pulp production normally causes major changes in vegetation. The result is a low diversity of plants and a reduction in number and kinds of wildlife. Native forage production is excellent with good management. Proper rangeland use has only a slight effect on this community. Application of range practices will increase the grasses and reduce the shrubs. This brings about an increase in types and amount of wildlife. The community has very good wildlife values that can be enhanced with proper management. It is especially important as a buffer zone for wildlife between urban areas occurring on better drained sites and the natural drainageways. Water control practices and improved management techniques have facilitated the use of Cabbage Palm Flatwoods for 47 PAGE 52 extensive agricultural and urban land uses. south Florida near the coast. 2. Rangeland This is especially true in This ecological community has the potential for producing significant amounts of high quality forage. For sites in excellent condition, the average annual production of air dry plant material varies from 4,500 to 9,000 pounds per acre. The variation depends on plant growth conditions. From 3 to 14+ acres are usually needed per animal unit depending upon amount and type of forages available. There will be little forage available if the canopy cover exceeds 60 percent. The relative percentages of annual vegetative production by weight is 70 percent grasses and grasslike plants, 15 percent trees and shrubs, and 15 percent herbaceous plants. 3. Wildlifeland Cabbage palm flatwoods offer good food and cover to many species of wildlife. Food value comes from palm and palmetto fruit, pine mast, and acorns from associated oaks. Legumes and grasses furnish good food sources to quail and other small birds. Habitat is well suited for deer and turkey and offers refuges to migrating birds during winter months. 4. Woodland This community has a moderately high potential productivity for commercial wood production. There are moderate equipment limitations and seedling mortality due to wet soil conditions and plant competition. the commercial specie.s suitable for planting are slash pine and loblolly ?ine. Potential annual growth respectively is 1.2 and t.O cords per acre. Potential productivity is 18 percent less for soils south of a line from Hernando County to Orange County. 5. Urbanland This community is subject to high water tables during the rainy season and has limitations for urban development. Water management systems are required for urban uses. It is often difficult to vegetation on steep channel side slopes and inferti le soil. Special techniques may be required. Without vegetation, erosion and sedimentation often 1 problem in some water management systems. Wind erosion is a problem 1n Ilnvegetated areas. This is especially severe in the Native plants be used for heautification lnd require minimum effort for establishment and maintenance. Some of the trees are American holly, cabbage palm. common persimmon, live oak, longleaf pine, and slash pine. Some of the shrubs are American beautyberry, coontie, coral bean, partridge pea, pawpaw, sawpalmetto, shining sumac, tarflower, and southern waxmyrtle. Some of the herbaceous plants are blazing star, Catesby/s lily, grassleaf goldenaster. hibiscus, iris, meadowbeauty. sunflower, and zephyrlily. The most common urban wildlife is songbirds. Undisturbed areas provide escape cover and travel routes for most forms of wildlife. 48 PAGE 53 ENDANGERED AND THREATENED PLANTS AND ANIMALS The following endanagered or threatened plants are not common in this community but may occur in some instances: HERBACEOUS PLANTS AND VINES -Virginia chain fern, Woodwardia virginica; The following threatened wildlife species may be found in or around this community: MAMMALS BIRDS Florida panther, Felis concolor coryi; Mangrove fox squirrel, Sciurus niger avicennia -Southeastern kestrel, Falco sparverius paulus; bald eagle, Haliaeetus leucocephalus REPTILES -Eastern indigo snake, Drymarchon corais couperi 49 PAGE 54 9 -EVERGLADES FLATWOODS SeAl.1: 0 '0 zo XI l lIO "'I.ES , I Gulf of Mexico I'OLK Map prepared by U. S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of The Census, 1960, Corrected as of April 1965. U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGR.lCULTURE, SOIL CONSERVATION SERVICE USOASCSFORT WORTH. TEXAS 1911 50 ORANG( Atlantic Ocean FEBRUARY 1981 4-R-36720-9 FEBRUARY 1968 BASE 4-L-25770 PAGE 55 Porous, pinnacle limestone rock often uccurs on the surface. 51 Typic;]l Everglades flatwoou west of Homestead Grassy area!> MILES Gulf of Mexico Numerous small communities also occur in Highlands, Okee chobee and surrounding counties, and just inland from the coast in peninsular Florida. Map prepared by U. S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of The Census. 1960. Corr.ected as of April 1965. U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. SOIL CONSERVATION SERVICE USDA-SCS-FORT WOAT ... TEXAS ,., 71 Atlantic Ocean llIOWUD FEBRUARY 1981 4-R-36720-13 FEBRUARY 1968 BASE 4-L-25770 PAGE 76 Interior view of a Cabbage Palm Hammock shows the typical dense overs tory ..... ith a sparse ground 72 This small Cabbage Palm Hammock has been heavily grazed by l.ivestock and the understory largel y destroyed. Typical cabbage palm hammock in the background with a saltgrass mat'6h 1 n foreground. PAGE 77 ECOLOGICAL COMMUNITY NO. 13 -CABBAGE PALM HAMMOCKS OCCURRENCE The Cabbage Palm Hammock ecological community occurs predominantly in south Florida. Counties having the most significant communities of this type are Highlands, Okeechobee and surrounding counties. Communities are usually one to several acres and rarely extensive in size. DESCRIPTION This community is easily identified by the occurrence of thick stands of cabbage palm with a few scattered oak. It occurs mostly on slightly elevated areas within the Slough and South Florida Flatwoods communities. The soils are nearly level to gently sloping, poorly to somewhat poorly drained, calcareous, and coarse textured. They occur mostly on low lying poorly drained ridges or flats. Representative soils included Bradenton, Hilolo, Parkwood, and Winder. Appendix A contains information on correlation of soil series with the appropriate ecological community. 2. Vegetation The natural vegetation is dominated by tree species, especially cabbage palms. Plants that characterize this community are: TREES SHRUBS GRASSES Cabbage palm, Sabal palmetto; Laurel oak, Quercus 1aurifolia; Live oak, Quercus virginiana American beautyberry, Cal1icarpa americana; Serenoa repens; Waxmyrtle, Myrica cerifera Sawpalmetto, Creeping bluestem, Schizachrium stoloniferum; Low panicums, Panicum spp.; Stiff1eaf windmil1grass, Estachys petraea HERBACEOUS PLANTS AND VINES -Caesar weed, Urena. 10bata; Poison ivy, Toxicodendron radicans; Wild grape, Vitis spp.; Yellow jessamine, Gelemium sempervivens Information on other plants that may occur in this community are found in Appendix B. 3. Animals Wildlife species include: MAMMALS -Armadillo, bobcat, raccoons, wild hogs gray squirrel, opossum, deer, skunk, BIRDS Owls, red-shouldered hawk, woodpeckers, numerous songbirds 73 PAGE 78 REPTILES Diamondback rattlesnake Information on animals known to occur in specific ecological communities 1S in Appendix C. LAND USE INTERPRETATIONS 1. Environmental Value as a Natural System Normally standing as islands in the landscape", cabbage palm hammocks high aesthetic values. Fire and water are the major stresses of community. The past removal of fires probably caused a successional to hardwoods and palms. The kind and mixture of hardwoods and palms depend on specific soil conditions such as drainage and closeness calcareous materials. have this move will to The areas are not generally used for woodland, range, or intensive land uses due to type and composition of plants. Some areas have been for citrus production. However, this community has good wildlife values that can be enhanced with good management. Cabbage palm hammocks offer resting cover for both migratory and resident wildlife and serve as refuges during wet conditions. 2. Rangeland This community has low potential for producing forage due to the dense canopy of palm trees. It does provide protection during cold, rainy weather and shade during hot weather. It is usually severely grazed due to the above factors. For sites in excellent condition, the average annual production of air dry plant material varies from 2,000 to 4,000 pounds per acre. The variation depends on plant growth conditions. From 10 to 30+ acres are usually needed per animal unit depending upon amount and type of forage available. There will be little forage available when the canopy cover exceeds 60 percent. The relative percentages of annual vegetation production by weight is 55 percent grasses and grasslike plants, 25 percent trees and shrubs, and 20 percent herbaceous plants. 3. Wild life land Cabbage palm hammocks are productive communities for many wildlife species. They are good habitat for wild hogs, deer, turkey, woodpeckers, and owls and poor for quail and dove, but fair for most songbirds and squirrels. 4. Woodland This community has a moderately high to high potential productivity for commercial wood production. There are moderate equipment limitations and seedling mortality due to wet soil conditions and plant composition. The commercial species suitable for planting are slash pine, loblolly pine, sweetgum, and sycamore. Potential annual growth for the first threes is 1.5, 1.2 and 0.8 cords per acre respectively. Potential productivity is 18 percent less for soils south of a line from Hernando County to Orange County. 74 PAGE 79 5. Urban land. This community is subject to high water tables during the rainy seasons and has limitations for urban development. Water management systems are required for urban uses. It is often difficult to establish vegetation on steep channel side slopes and infertile spoil. Special techniques may be required. Without vegetation, erosion and sedimentation is often a problem in some water management systems. Wind erosion is a problem in unvegetated areas. This is especially severe in the spring. Native plants can be used for beautification and require minimum establishment and maintenance. Some of the trees are cabbage palm, dahoon holly, gumbo-limbo (south Florida), hawthorns, laurel oak, live oak, and thatch palm (south Florida). Some of the shrubs are American beautyberry, coral bean, dahoon holly, marlberry, myrsine, sawpalmetto, tetrazygia, shining sumac, varnish leaf, and wild coffee. Some of the herbaceous plants are aster, coneflowers, dayflowers, iris, and sunflower. The most important urban wildlife are songbirds and squirrel. Undisturbed areas provide good escape and travel routes for deer, turkey, and similar forms of wildlife. ENDANGERED AND THREATENED PLANTS AND ANIMALS. The followin$ endangered or threatened plants are not common in this community but may occur in some instances: TREES Silver thatch palm, Coccothrinax argentata HERBACEOUS PLANTS -Adder's tongue fern, Cheiroglossa palma; Auricled spleenwort, Asplenium auritum; cowhorn orchid, Cvrtopodium punctatum, Night-scent orchid, Epidendrum nocturnum; Bird's nest spleenwort, Asplenium serratum The .following endangered or threatened wildlife species may be found in or around this community: MAMMALS -Everglades mink, vison evergladensis; Florida panther, Felis concolor corvi BIRDS -Caracara, Caracara cheriwav auduboni; Bald eagle, Haliaeetus leucocephalus; Wood stork, americana REPTILES -Eastern indigo snake, corais couperi 75 PAGE 80 14 TROPICAL HAMMOCKS SCALI: i=1:=1:::0=2l":0=:'i30:::::::::l40:::::;:j'f/ MILES Gulf of Mexico Tropical Hammocks occur in Plant Hardness Zone lOb. Map prepared by U. S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of The Census, 1960, Corrected as of April 1965. U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, SOIL CONSERVATION SERVICE USOA-SCS-FORT WORTH. TEXAS 1911 76 Atlantic Ocean FEBRUARY 1981 4-R-36720-14 FEBRUARY 1968 BASE 4-L-25770 PAGE 81 Interior View of a Tropical lIammock with Royal Palms 77 Dense jungle-like appearance of a typical tropical hammock with Gumbo limbo trees Interior View of a Tropical Hammock Showing a strangler PAGE 82 ECOLOGICAL COMMUNITY NO. 14 TROPICAL HAMMOCKS OCCURRENCE. The Topical Hammock ecological community is confined to south Florida. It occurs on elevated areas in the Everglades and along the limestone ridges of the Florida Keys. Individual communities range in size from less than an acre to several acres. DESCRIPTION Tropical hammocks generally appear as thick clumps of strands or small to medium-sized trees. On the sites where disturbance has not occurred for several years, a more "jungle-like" appearance is observed. A heavy canopy closure, causing deep interior shade, is prevalent. This condition serves to moderate temperatures and conserve moisture. Characteristically,trees of the tropical hammocks have dense, heavy, strong wood and shallow spreading root systems which adapt them to a harsh environment of wind, periodic droughts and salt spray. Soils are shallow to rock with only a few inches of organic material overlying porous limestone and marl. Characteristic soils were mapped in an older reconnaissance type soil survey and have not been classified into the current soil classification system. Appendix A contains information on correlation of soil series with the appropriate ecological community. 2. Vegetation Tropical hammocks typically have a very high diversity. Most of the vegetation is probably of West Indies origin. The following species are characteristic: TREES SHRUBS -Bahama lysiloma, Lysiloma latisiligua; Jamaica dogwood, Piscidia piscipula; Mastic, Sideroxylon foetidissimum; Poisontree, Metopium toxiferum; Strangler fig, Ficus Live oak, Quercus virginiana; Cabbage palm, Saba1 palmetto -Marlberry, Ardisia escal10niodes; Snowberry, Chiococca alba; Wild coffee, Psychotria nervosa HERBACEOUS PLANTS Golden serpent fern, Ph1ebodium aureum; fern, Polypodium polypodioides; Stiff-leaved Ti1landsia fasciculata Resurrection wild pine, GRASSES -Low paniucm, Panicum spp.; Sour paspalum, Paspalum con;ugatum Information on other plants that may occur in this community are found in Appendix B. 78 PAGE 83 3. Animals Tropical hammocks serve as habitat for a variety of wildlife species, many of which are not found elsewhere. Some species that occur are: MAMMALS -Everglades mink, Mustela vison; Gray squirrel, Sciurus carolinensis; Key deer, Odocoileus virginanus; Key Largo cotton mouse, gossypinus; Key Largo woodrat, Neotoma floridana; Marsh rabbit, Sylvilagus palustris Information on animals know to occur in specific ecological communities is in Appendix C. LAND USE INTERPRETATIONS 1. Environmental Values as a Natural System Tropical hammock communities are probably the most endangered ecological type in Florida. Such endangerment lies in the fact that the communities are not widespread in occurrence and have received considerable pressures for other land uses. Special consideration should be given to incorporating all existing tropical hammock into an overall land use plan. Such a plan would insure the continued use of these communities as hurricane protection, landscape and greenbelt areas, parks, and wildlife habitat in an areas under tremendous population growth pressures. 2. Rangeland Not recommended as a land use. 3. Wildlifeland There are very specific requirements for the wildlife that occur in tropical hammocks, particularly those resident species. Able to fulfill the requirements of both local and migratory wildlife, tropical hammocks naturally become good habitat for these species. A special function is that of cover for many mammals during periods of high water and resting and feeding areas for migratory bird1ife. 4. Woodland Not recommended for commercial production. 5. Urban land This community is subject to high water tables during the rainy season and has limitations for urban development. Water management systems are required for urban uses. It is usually difficult to establish vegetation on steep channel side slopes and infertile spoil. Special planting and management techniques may be required. Without vegetation, erosion and sedimentation is often a problem in water management systems. Wind erosion can also become a problem in unvegetated areas. This is especially severe in the spring. 79 PAGE 84 Native plants can be used for bea.utification and require minimum establishment and maintenance. Some of the trees are American holly, cabbage palm, dahoon holly, live oak, loblolly bay, red maple, slash pine, and water oak. Some of the shrubs are American beautyberry, shining sumac, sawpalmetto, and waxmyrtle. Some of the herbaceous plants are aster, blackeyed Susan, cone flowers, dayf lower rosemallow, meadowbeauty, and,sunflower. The most common urban wildlife is songbirds areas provide good escape cover and travel raccoon and similar forms of wildlife. and squirrel. Undisturbed routes for deer, turkey, ENDANGERED AND THREATENED PLANTS AND ANIMALS Threatened or endangered plants of the tropical hammocks are: TREES Brittle thatch palm, Thrinax morrissii; Buccaneer palm, Pseudophoenix sargent11; Cupania, Cupania glabra; Florida thatch palm, Thrinax parvitolia; Krug's holly, Ilex krugiana; Lignum-vitae, Guaiacum sanctum; Manchineel, Hippomane mancinella; Silver thatch palm, Coccothrinax argentata; Tree cactus, Cereus robinii -Pride-of-big-pine, Strumpfia HERBACEOUS PLANTS -Auricled spleenwort, Asplenium auritum;Bird's nest spleenwort, Asplenium serratum; Cowhorn orchid, Cyrtopodium punctatum; Dollar orchid, Encvclia hoothiana; Everglades peperomia, Peperomia" floridana; Fragrant maidenhair fern, Adiantum melanoleucum; luch's bromeliad, Guzmania monostachia; Adder's tongue fern, Ophioglossum oalmatumj, Hattie Bauer 'halberd fern ,1'ectar ia ,cor iandrifo lia; Night-scent orchid, Ep1dendrum nocturnum; Narrnw strap fern, Campyloneurum .angustifolium; Powdery catopsis, Catopsis beteroniana; Slender spleenwort, Asplenium dentatum; Star-scale fern, Pleopeltis revoluta; Twisted air plant, Tillandsia flexuosa; Worm-vine orchid, Vanilla harbel1ata; Young-palm orchid, Tropidia polvstachya Threatened or endangered animals of the tropical hammocks MAMMALS -Florida panther, Felis concolor corvi; Key r spleenwort, EUmil.!!ID; sinkho Ie fern, iLcsJAePJilJ_e Endangered and threatened animals XMi1f.ALS 85 PAGE 90 16 SCRUB CYPRESS .., ..... e:e t:' .. .... Gulf of Mexico This community also occurs In small areas over the southern tip of the peninsula too small to delineate at this scale. Map prepared by U. S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of The Census. 1960. Corr.ected as of April 1965. U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. SOIL CONSERVATION SERVICE USDA-SCS-FORT WORTH. TEXAS 1.1 86 Atlantic< Ocean FEBRUARY 1981 4-R-36720-16 FEBRUARY 1968 BASE 4-L-25770 PAGE 91 Air plants, like the one in extreme left center of picture are often found in the cypress trees. 87 A sparse stand of stunted cypress trees are a typical feature of the Scrub Cypress Community Scrub cypress as seen from a distance. PAGE 92 ECOLOGICAL COMMUNITY NO. 16 SCRUB CYPRESS OCCURRENCE The Scrub Cypress ecological community occurs in south Florida on marl and rock that is frequently flooded. Eastern Collier County and northern Monroe County have the largest areas of this community. This region is called "Big Cypress." DESCRIPTION This community appears as a broad area of marshes with dwarf cypress (less than 20 feet tall) scattered throughout. It is stressed by the extreme seasonal change in water levels, and low level of plant nutrients. These factors cause poor growing conditions with a lack of plant diversity and small wildlife populations in comparison to the cypress swamp community. Soils associated with this community are nearly level, poorly to very poorly drained, with coarse to medium textured surfaces underlain by finer textured material or fractured limestone. A representative soil is Margate. Appendix A contains information on correlation of soil series with the appropriate ecological community. 2. Vegetation The vegetation is much like that of the freshwater marsh community. Occasional air plants and orchids can be found in the scattered cypress trees. Plants which characterize this community are: TREES -Bald cypress, Pond cypress, Taxogjum distichum var. nU!Ens SHRUBS -Waxmyrtle, HERBACEOUS PLANTS Stiff-leafed w1ld pine, Tillandsia GRASSES -Blue maidencane, IDuhlenbergiE.!ll!:!1!; Clubhead cutgrass, Maidencane, bemitomon Information about plants which occur in specific ecological communities is in Appendix B. The poor soil and lack of plant nutrients that are resRonsib1e relatively sparse plant life also account for a fairly scattered population. 88 for the wildlife PAGE 93 Wildlife species include: MAlIMALS -Bobcat, deer, mink, panther, raccoon BIRDS Ioseate spoonbill, wood stork, herons ItBPTILIS -Alligator, frogs, turtles, snakes Inforaation on animals known to occur in specific ecological communities is in Appendix C. WJ) USE IlfrBllPRETATIONS 1. EayirouaentalValue as a Natural System The cypress community occurs primarily in southwest Florida. Developaents in and around the community cause changes in water quality and which results in wide changes in portions of the plant CODmalnity. The scrub cypress commnnity is highly endangered. Scrub cypress swamps provide water storage areas by holding excess water and slowly releasing it into the water table. Water quality is enhanced by the community, which functions like a waste treatment plant by absorbing nutrients from the water. 2. Rangeland This community has little or no use as rangeland. 3. Wildlife land Due to the sparseness of vegetative growth, this community is one of the least productive of wildlife. Deer will range through these areas, but the habitat is poor. The primary value is seasonal to frogs, turtles, snakes, and salamanders which ean adjust to the short hydroperiod and to predators on these animals such as raccoons, mink, and the wading birds. 4. Woodland these -areas are not generally used for commercial woodland production. However, this commnnity does have a moderate potential product-ivity for commercial woodland production on areas with adequate surface drainage. There are severe equipment limitations due ,to the poorly drained soil conditions. Slash pine is the species suitable for planting on areas with adequate surface drainage. Potential annual growth is 0.7 cords per acre. 5. Urban land This commun1ty is subject to periodic flooding and has severe limitations for urban development. Elaborate water management systems are required for urban uses. It is difficult to establish On steep channel side slopes and infertile spoil. Special techniques such as mulching, selected plants and and unusual seeding and plant management techniques may be required. 89 PAGE 94 Native plants can be used for beautification and require minimum establishment and maintenance. Some of the trees are bald cypress, cabbage palm, pond cypress and slash pine. Some of the shrubs are buttonbush, dahoon holly, and waxmyrtle. Some of the herbs are aster and sunflower. The most important urban wildlife are songbirds and water-adapted reptiles and mammals. Undisturbed areas provide good escape cover and travel routes for all forms of wildlife. ENDANGERED AND THREATENED PLANTS AND ANIMALS The following threatened and endangered plants may occur in this community: HERBS -Acuna's epidendrum, Auricled spleenwort, Asplenium auritum; Bird's nest spleenwort, Asplenium serratum; Cow-horn orchid, Cyrtopodium punctatum; Dwarf epidendrum, Encyclia pygmaea; Hidden orchid, Maxillaria crassifolia; leafless orchid, Campylocentrum pachyrrhizum; Night-scent orchid, Epidendrum nocturnum; Nodding catopsis, Catopsis nutans The following threatened or endangered wildlife species may be found in or around this community: MAMMALS -Florida panther, Felis concolor coryi BIRDS ,Wood stork, Mycteria americana REPTILES American alligator, Alligator mississippiensis 90 PAGE 95 17 CYPRESS SWAMP SCALI: 10 10 30 40 SO IoIILI:S Gulf of Mexico Numerous small communities are scattered over the state, especially within the flatwoods and surrounding lakes and streams. Map prepared by U. S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of The Census, 1960, Corrected as of April 1965. U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. SOIL CONSERVATION SERVICE USDASCSFORT WORTH. TEXAS 1981 91 Atlantic Ocean FEBRUARY 19814-R-36720-17 FEBRUARY 1968 BASE 4-L-25770 PAGE 96 Cypres:s often occur along lake edges. 92 A cypress "head" in south central Florida. Interior of a cypress swamp. Air plants are common on the cypress trees in south Florida. PAGE 97 Interior of a cypress swamp in North Florida. 93 Cypress swamps often occur adjacent to rivet's and streams. Typical cypress swamp in Jefferson County appears in the background. PAGE 98 ECOLOGICAL COMMUNITY NO. 17 CYPRESS SWAMP QCCURRENCE The Cypress ecological community occurs along rivers, lake margins, slough and strands, or interspersed throughout other communities such as flatwoods and slough. It occurs throughout Florida, but is the predominant swamp type "in the area from Flagler County south through Polk County and in southwest Florida. The "Big Cypress" area of Monroe and Collier Counties is included in Ecological Community No. 16 Scrub Cypress. DESCRIPTION This community is poorly drained and water is at or above ground level a good portion of the year. Bald cypress is the dominant tree and is often the only plant which occurs in significant numbers. Cypress swamps growing on sand, rock and shallow mucky pond areas are not as productive as those found on alluvial floodplain soils. As the soil depth in muck ponds increases, so does the growth rate of cypress. The submerged or saturated condition of the soil and general absence of fire help reduce competition and keep the community from a successional change to a swamp hardwood (Bayhead) community. Soils commonly associated with this community are nearly level or depressional, poorly drained and have loamy subsoils and sandy surfaces. Representative soils include: Martel, Monteocha, and Surrency. Appendix A contains information on correlation of soil series with the appropriate ecological community. 2. Vegetation Bald cypress, along lakes and stream margins, is dominant and often is the only plant found in large numbers. Pond cypress occurs in cypress heads or domes which are usually found in flatwoods and prairies. The diversity of trees is low in the cypress heads but increases in the strands and stream margins. Plants which characterize this community are; TREES SHRUBS Bald cypress, distichum; Blackgum, sylvatica; Coastal Plain willow, Salix caroliniana; Pond cypress, distichum var. nutans; Red maple, Acer rubrure -Common buttonbushJ Cephalanthus Southern waxmyrtle, Myrica HERBACEOUS PLANTS AND VINES Cinnamon fernl Osmunda cinnamomea; flowering ixia, Nemastylis .floridana; Laurel greenbriar, laurifolia; Pickerel weed, Pontederia cordata; Royal Osmunda regalis; Spanish moss, Tillandsia usneoides; leafed wild pine, Tillandsic utricul.ata; Sphagnult Spnagnult. spp. Fall Smilax. fern, Stiff moss, 94 PAGE 99 GRASSES AND GRASSLIKE PLANTS -Maidencane, Panicum hemitomon; Narrowleaf sawgrass, Cladium mariscoides Other plants that occur in the community are found in Appendix B. 3. Animals The most common wildlife species include: MAMMALS -Deer, mink, raccoon, otter BIRDS -Anhinga, woodpecker, wood stork barred owl, egrets, herons, limpkin, pileated purple gallinule, prothonotary warbler, wood duck, REPTILES -Alligator, frogs, turtles, salamanders, variety of water snakes Information on animals known to occur in specific ecological communities is in Appendix C. LAND USE INTERPRETATIONS 1. Environmental Value as a Natural System Cypress swamps are an extremely valuable resource. They can be. used for environmental educational study, scientific research, and recreation. They have a high value for use as wildlife habitat. This community has a relatively low diversity of plant species due to the fluctuating water levels and low nutrient availability. Both drastic changes in the water level and a stabilized water level may change the plant community. Often this will occur due to the effects of dams, dikes, or drainage channels. The cypress swamp is not a prime area for residential development. When ditched and drained, these areas may be used for pine production although they are not as productive as the surrounding pine lands. Fire is a stress factor, primarily on the drier portions, but water is important in all areas. Water enters the swamp directly from rainfall or runoff. The water level is highest in summer and peak productivity occurs in early spring. Stagnant water will result in slow tree growth especially if it occurs during the growing season. water. from it to Natural regeneration of cypress requires fluctuation of the Flooding during the dry season prevent the cypress trees reproducing. Water must be available to germinate the seeds because provides natural stratification. However, when the seedling starts grow its top must be maintained above water. Cypress swamps provide water storage areas by holding excess water and slowly releasing it into the water table. Water quality is enhanced by the community, which functions like a waste treatment plant by absorbing nutrients from the water. 2. Rangeland This community has little or no value as rangeland. 95 PAGE 100 3. Wildlife land This community is very important for wildlife refuge areas and as a turkey roosting area. It is well suited for waterfowl and wading birds. Aquatic animals may be found in large numbers. The permanent residents of cypress heads are relatively few, but much of the wildlife of the flatwoods is dependent on these ponds for breeding purposes. 4. Woodland Extensive drainage would be required, thereby destroying this community. 5. Urbanland This community is subject to periodic flooding and has severe limitations for urban development. Elaborate water management systems are required for urban uses. It is often difficult to establish vegetation on steep channel side slopes and infertile spoil. Special techniques such as mulching, special plants and unu8ual seeding and management techniques may be required. Without vegetation, erosion and sedimentation are a problem in some water management systems. Intensive management measures may also be necessary to maintain design Native plants can be used for beautification and require minimum establishment and maintenance. Some of the trees are bald cypress, button mangrove', loblolly bay, pond cypress, red maple, slash pine, and sweetgum. Some of the shrubs are buttonbush, coco plum, dahoon holly, and waxmyrtle. Some of the herbs are aster, golden canna, cardinal flower, pine lily, celestial lily, ferns, cone 'flower, cattail, rosemal low iris, and meadowbeauty. The most important urban wildlife are songbirds, water fowl, and water adapted reptiles and mammals. Undisturbed areas provide good escape cover and travel routes for all forms of wildlife. ENDANGERED AND THREATENED PLANTS AND ANIMALS The following plants of this community are considered threatened or endangered: HERBACEOUS PLANTS Bird's nest spleenwort, Asplenium serratumj Climbing dayflower, Commelina gigas; Fuzzy-wuzzy air plant, Tillandsia pruinosa; Giant water dropwort, Oxypolis greenmanii; Hidden orchid, Maxillaria crassifolia; Nodding catopsis, Catopsis Grass-of-parnassus, Parnassia grandiflora The following threatened wildlife species may be found in or around this community: BIRDS -Ivory-billed woodpecker, Campephilus principalis; Bald eagle, Haliaeetus leucocephalus; Wood stork, Mycteria americana; MAMMALS -Florida black bear, Ursus americanus floridanus 96 PAGE 101 18 SALT MARSH SC"L. o '0 20 ]0 l 50 ""L. Li i Gulf of Mexico Numerous small communities occur along c:oastal areas. Map prepared by U. S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of The Census, 1960, Corrected as of April 1965. U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, SOIL CONSERVATION SERVICE USOA-SCS fORT WORTH TEXAS UII' 97 Atlantic Ocean FEBRUARY 1981 4-R-36720-18 FEBRUARY 1968 BASE 4-L-25770 PAGE 102 ,.. .... >I)-""'v'i." "'1'1 ""& .. \ \' . Black needle rush marsh of ten occurs along tidal rivers. 98 Large expanses of salt marsh such a::: this are more typical along the northeastern coast. Black needlerush marsh with cabbage palm and hardwood hammock in background. Typical of coastal a.t;'eas in Hernan do, Citrus Levy, Dixie, and Taylor CounLies. PAGE 103 ECOLOGICAL COMMUNITY NO. 18 SALT MARSH OCCURRENCE The Salt Marsh ecolQgical community occurs along the Atlantic and Gulf Coasts and inland along tidal rivers. An extensive area occurs along the Gulf of Mexico north of Tarpon Springs to St. Marks. DESCRIPTION This community appears as an open expanse of grasses, sedges, and rushes. Usually there is a matrix of interconnected shallow natural channels that aid tidal influx. Soils commonly associated with this community are level. very poorly drained, muck or sandy clay loams underlain by loamy sand Qr organic soils ;lUder lain by day or sand or are clayey throughout. Many of the soi Is have a :tigh sulfur content. Some of the soils are soft and will not support the weight ()f a man or large anlUlal. Tidal action causes saturation of the soil with salt water and inundation to a depth of a few inches. :iepresentative soils are: Bohicket, Homosassa ,Lacoochee, Tisonia, Turnbull, and Weekiwachee. Appendix A contains informatlon on correlation of soil series with the appropriate ecological community. Vegetation Yegetation often ()ccurs in distinct zones within the salt marsh complex as a result of water levels from tidal action and salinity concentrations in water and soils. Some species have a wide tolerance range and nay be found throughout the grass marsh. Plants in this group are black needlerush and seashore saltgrass. Smooth cordgrass is more indicative of low, regularly flooded marsh, while the high marsh supports salt myrtle, marshhav cordgrass) marshelder, saltwort and sea oxeye. the Gulf COlt6t l1lOst lUSJ.rshes are dominante.:i by black ll.e-:!riloe'l"ush. A.long che ,iorth Atlantic Coast, smooth cordgras8 is usually dominant. that cnaractet'l.'ze the salt,nar$h community are: HERBACEOUS PLANTS AND VINES Sea blite. 3uaeda linearisj 3ea purslane, 3esuvium portulacastrum GRASSES AND GRASSLIKE PLANTS Big cordgrass, Spartina cynosuroides; Black needlerusht Juncus roemeiranus; Gulf cordgrass, Spartina spartinae; Marshhay cordgrass, Spartina patens; Olney oulrush, Scripus americanus; Seashore dropseed, Sporobolus Seashore paspalum, Paspalum vaginatum; Seashore saltgrass. Distichlis spicata; Shoregrass, Monanthoch01e littoralis; Smooth cordgrass, Spartina alterniflora Information about other plants that occur in this community are in Appendix B. 99 PAGE 104 3. Animals The salt marshes support a variety of wildlife. are: MAMMALS DeerJ otter, raccoon Some species that occur BIRDS Brown pelicans; cootsJ egrets, gulls, terns, seaside sparrow, many forms of waterfowl REPTILES -Alligator, diamondback terrapin, saltmarsh snake Information on animals known to occur in specific ecological communities is in Appendix C. LAND USE INTERPRETATIONS 1. Environmental Value as a Natural System The functions of salt marshes are probably the most important and least understood and recognized of all ecological communities. On low energy coastlines and estuariesJ the marsh functions as a transition zone from terrestrial to oceanic life. Salt marshes also perform an important function in the stabilization and protection of shorelines, especially during storm tides. Nutrients, sediments and detritus from upland systems are redistributed by tidal action, making the marsh one of the most productive natural ecological systems. The area serves as a habitat for the early life stages of numerous ocean species as they feed on countless invertebrate organisms. Many wildlife forms overlap normal ranges at least seasonally to become harvesters and, in many cases, part of the natural food chain. 2. Rangeland Salt marshes have a potential for producing significant 'amounts of cordgrass, sa1tgrass, and other grasses and forbs. For sites in excellent condition, the average annual production of air dry plant materials varies from 4,000 to 8,000 pounds per acre. The variation depends on plant growth conditions. From 6 to 15+ acres are usually needed per animal unit depending upon amount and type of forage available. The relative percentage of annual vegetative production by weight is 90 percent grasses, 5 percent shrubs and trees, and 5 percent herbaceous plants and vines. 3. Wildlife land Salt marshes are good habitat for a variety of wildlife. The habitat type is usually maintained by natural forces and influences such as tidal action and periodic hurricanes. Storms usually cause the creation of "open" water in salt and brackish marshes and also may change salinities. The resulting effect is that plant succession is set back and more favorable habitat may be created for waterfowl, furbearers, and some other forms of wildlife such as wading 100 PAGE 105 birds. Artificially created dikes to managing marsh plants for wildlife. technique used in mar.sh management. control salinity are Prescribed burning is used also in a 4. Woodland These soils are unsuited to commercial wood production. 5. Urbanland This community is subject to a high water table and periodic flooding. It therefore has very severe limitations for urban development. Very elaborate water management systems are required for urban uses. It is difficult to establish salt tolerant vegetation on steep channel side slopes and infertile spoil. Special techniques such as mulching and unusual seeding and management techniques will be required. Without vegetation, erosion and sedimentation become a problem. Intensive measures may also be required to maintain design capacity. Native plants can be used for beautification and require m1n1mum establishment and maintenance. Some of the trees and shrubs are black mangrove, button mangrove, necklace pod, sea oxeye, southern redcedar, and white mangrove. Some of the herbaceous plants are aster and goldenrod. Some of the grasses are cordgrasses, seashore dropseed, and seashore saltgrass. The most important urban related wildlife are waterfowl and water-adapted reptiles and mammals. Undisturbed areas provide good escape cover and travel routes for many forms of wildlife. ENDANGERED AND THREATENED PLANTS AND ANIMALS There are no known endangered or threatened plants that would occur in this community. MAMMALS West Indian manatee, Trichechus manatus 1atirostris BIRDS -Eastern brown pelican, Pelecanus occidentalis carolinensis; Cape Sable seaside sparrow, Ammodranus maritimus mirabilis (Collier, Monroe, and Dade Counties); Dusky seaside sparrow (Brevard County), Ammodranus maritimus nigriscens; Least tern, Sterna antillarum; Arctic peregrine falcon, Falco peregrinus tundrius; Roseate tern, Sterna dougallii; Bald eagle, Haliaeetus leucocephilus; Wood stork, Mycteria americana REPTILES American alligator, Alligator mississippiensis; Atlantic green turtle, Chelonia mydas; Atlantic hawksbill turtle, Eretmochelys imbricata imbricata; Florida ribbon snake, (Lower Keys population), Thamnophis. sauritus sackeni; Atlantic saltmarsh water snake, Nerodia fasciata taeniata 101 PAGE 106 19 MANGROVE SWAMP SC"L.E 10 20 30 ) 50 MIL.ES i::==:i=:i:::=:::i:===tl Gulf of Mexico Mangrove Swamps -also occur in small areas along the east coast fro m Brevard County south. Map prepared by U. S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of The Census, 1960, Corrected as of April 1965. U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, SOIL CONSERVATION SERVICE USO"-SCS-FORT WORTH, TEX"S 1981 102 Atlantic Ocean FEBRUARY 1981 4R-36720-19 FEBRUARY 1968 BASE 4L-25770 PAGE 107 A small red man g rove with .:lts p rop root s stands out among the pneurnatophores of the s u r r ounding black mangroves. 103 Red mangrove. Rhizophora are characte ristic of most mangrove swamps. They are easily identified by their prop-roots arising f rom trunks and branc hes. Interior of a man g rove swamp dominated by black man g r o v e (Avicennia..8!!!!! nans), c h a racterized by vertical aera ting branches (pneuma tophores) arising from the PAGE 108 ECOLOGICAL COMMUNITY NO. 19 MANGROVE SWAMP The Mangrove Swamp ecological community occurs primarily along saltwater shorelines in sou'th Florida from Levy and Volusia Counties southward. Coastlines that host this community normally have mild wave action in the form of backbays' and estuary fringes. The Ten Thousand Islands in southwest Florida is the most extensive area of mangrove swamps in Florida. Mangroves appear as a medium-height 00-20 feet} thicket of fleshy-leaved woody plants in coastal areas. In most areas of its range, the red mangrove, Rhizophora is the most seaward emergent plant. Prop roots are characteristic of this plant while the black aud white species send up modified vertical roots to facilitate in respiration. Soils commonly associated with this community are level, very poorly drained, peat or fine sand underlain by sand or clays. Tidal action causes saturation of the soil with saltwater and inundation to a depth of several inches. Representative soils include: Bessie, Hallandale Tidal, and Turnbull Variant. Appendix A contains information on correlation of soil series with the appropriate ecological community. 2. Vegetation The most frequent species found in this community are the three mangroves: red, black, and white. However, depending on elevation and resulting tidal influx. considerable variation occurs in the composition of these threes species as well as associated species. Plants which characterize this community are: TREES -Black mangrove. Avicennia germinans j Button mangrove, Conocarpus erectus; Red mangrove, Rhizophora White mangrove. Laguncularia racemog HERBACEOUS PLANTS -Leather fern, Sea oxeye. Borrichia arborescens; Sea purs lane I Sesuvium portn lacss trum Other plants that occur in this community are in Appendix B. 3. Animals The mangrove swamps support a variety of wildlife. Animals inhabitating mangrove communities include: MAMMALS -Everglades mink. raccoon 104 PAGE 109 BIRDS -Boat-tailed grackle, blue heron, belted hawks, great white heron, brown pelican, vireos, prairie warbler, mangrove cuckoo, osprey, wood stork, southern bald eagle, green heron, Louisiana heron REPTILES American alligator, crocodile, rat snake kingfisher, gulls, little blue heron, roseate spoonbill white ibis, little Information on animals known to occur in specific ecological communities is in Appendix C. LAND USE INTERPRETATIONS 1. Environmental Value as a Natural System. The mangrove community is especially important for shoreline protection and stabilization. There is some evidence that mangroves serve a function in land-building by trapping ,sediments. Definitely, this community acts as a buffer of wind and waves during storm tides. Probably the most important function of this ecosystem is that of changing a detrital base that accumulates underneath into estuarine production and higher marine life. The attraction of water to man has caused many mangrove swamps to be lost or altered by dredge and filling for development. Adjacent activities may also cause changes in water flow patterns and affect the plant composition of this community. 2. Rangeland There is no potential for range use. 3. Wildlife land Wildlife is best served by assuring that the mangrove community is not destroyed. Mangrove plants themselves seem to be quite hardy appearing as specially adapted pioneer plants in a tenacious, but yet fragile ecosystem. The mangroves are especially valuable as nesting sites for many birds. 4. Woodland No commercial potential for developments. 5. Urbanland use of mangrove wood is known, however, there use of mangroves in landscaping coastal is some building This community is subject to a high water table and periodic flooding. It therefore has very severe limitations for urban development. Very elaborate water management systems and fills are required for urban uses. It is difficult to establish salt tolerant vegetation on steep channel side slopes and infertile spoil. Special techniques such as mulching and unusual seeding and management techniques will be required. Without vegetation, erosion and sedimentation become a problem. Intensive measures may also be required to maintain design capacity. 105 PAGE 110 Native plants can be used for beautification and require minimum establishment and maintenance. Some of the trees and shrubs are black mangrove, button mangrove, necklace pod, sea oxeye, southern red cedar and white mangrove. Some of the herbaceous plants are aster and goldenrod. Some of the grasses are cordgrasses, seashore dropseed, seashore saltgrass and shoregrass. The most important urban related wildlife are waterfowl and water adapted reptiles and mammals. Undisturbed areas provide good escape cover and travel routes for many forms of wildlife. ENDANGERED AND THREATENED PLANTS AND ANIMALS The following endangered or threatened animals may occur in this community: BIRDS Arctic Peregrine falcon, Falco peregrinus tundrius; Bald eagle, Haliaeetus leucocephalus; Eastern brown pelican, Pelecanus occidentalis carolinensis; White-crowned pigeon, Columba leucocephala; Wood stork, Mycteria americana REPTILES American crocodile, Crocodylus acutus; American alligator, Alligator mississippiensis; Florida ribbon snake, Thamnophis sauritus sackeni; Key mud turtle, Kinosternon bauri bauri The following endangered or threatened plants may occur in this community: HERBACEOUS PLANTS Powdery catopsis, Catopsis berteroniana.; Pricklyapple, Cereus. gracilis; Worm-vine orchid, Vanil1.!_ barbellata 106 PAGE 111 20 BOTTOMLAND HARDWOODS 8CAI..IE "i:::t:='r.0=:li0'=::iJO=::ilt:=::::l"f "'I..IES Gulf of Mexico Map prepared by U. S. Department of Commerce. Bureau of The Census. 1960. Corrected as of Apr i I 1965. U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. SOIL CONSERVATION SERVICE IJSDA-SCS-FORT WOIITH, TEXAS '91' 107 Atlantic Ocean 'AI.M ItACH FEBRUARY 1981 4-R-36720-20 FEBRUARY 1968 BASE 4-L-25770 PAGE 112 Interior of a bot tomland hardwood e cological commu nity in the winter. 108 Bottomland hardwoods occur within the floodplains of river sys terns in wes t Florida. Vegetation is extremely diverse in bottomland hardwoods. PAGE 113 ECOLOGICAL COMMUNITY NO. 20 BOTTOMLAND HARDWOODS OCCURRENCE The Bottomland Hardwood ecological community occurs within the floodplain of the river systems of west Florida. Forests of the Apalachicola River are typical of this community. Rather rapid rise and fall in floodwater and little or no inundation during the growing season distinguishes this community from swamp hardwoods. DESCRIPTION The moisture regime is probably the most significant factor in maintaining the bottomland hardwood community. The key to its perpetuation is the seasonal flooding and receding of water while depressional areas within the alluvial flood plain retain some water and support the associated community of swamp forests. Luxurious growth during the summer months and a deciduous forest during the winter season characterize the appearance of this community. The level to nearly level soils are alluvial in nature. Representative soils are Bibb, Mantachie, and Wahee. Appendix A contains information on correlation of soil series with the appropriate ecological community. 2. Vegetation Vegetation is extremely diverse in bottomland hardwoods. Shrubs, vines, grasses, and herbaceous plants grown profusely where sunlight penetrates the canopy. As the forest matures and competition for sunlight increases during the growing season, this community takes on an open, park-like appearance. Plants which characterize this community are: TREES American elm, Ulmus americana; American hornbean, Carpinus caroliniana; Black willow, Salix nigra; Green ash, Fraxinus. pennsylvanica; Overcup oak, Quercus lyrata; River birch, Betula nigra; Swamp chestnut oak, Quercus michauxii; Shumard oak, Quercus shumardii; Sweetgum, Liguidambar styrac1flua; American sycamore, Platanus americana; Water hickory, Carya aquatica; Water oak, nigra; Willow oak, Quercus phellos HERBACEOUS VINES -Crossvine, Bignonia capreolata; Greenbriars, Smilax spp.j Peppervine, Ampelopsis arborea; Poison ivy, Toxicodendron radicans; Trumpet creeper, Campsis radicans; Wild grape, Vitis spp. 109 PAGE 114 3. Animals The bottomland hardwood community is diverse in wildlife. Common species include: MAMMALS -Bobcat, deer, flying squirrel, gray fox, gray squirrel, mink, opossum, otter, raccoon, swamp rabbit BIRDS Hawks, owls, songbirds, turkey, woodpeckers REPTILES -Alligator, moccasin canebrake and diamondback rattlesnake, water Information on animals known to occur .in specific ecological communities is in Appendix C. LAND USE INTERPRETATIONS 1. Environmental Value as a Natural System Probably the most important role of this community as a natural system is that of receiving floodwaters, sediments, pollutants and nutrients and assimilating these into the system through redistribution. The associated riverine system is part of the dynamics of this community and acts as a transport mechanism of organic detritus to receiving estuaries. These communities are valuable recreation and scenic systems with high aesthetic quality. 2. Rangeland The bottomland hardwood community is seldom used for grazing. Cattle use woody species occasionally, but very little forage is available. Overstocking by cattle can reduce reproduction of some woody plants. 3. Wild1ife1and This community hosts a large variety of wildlife. It is well suited for squirrel, deer, and birds such as chickadees and titmice, flycatchers, owls, towhee, turkey, vireos, warbler, cedar waxwing, woodpeckers and wren. The various species of hardwood vegetation provide good food and cover for these wildlife species. This community has a high potential productivity for commercial woodland production on areas with adequate surface drainage. There are severe equipment limitations and seedling mortality due to the poorly to very poorly drained soil conditions. Slash pine, loblolly pine, eastern cottonwood, sycamore, and sweetgum are species suitable for planting in areas with adequate surface drainage. Potential annual growth respectively for the first three is 1.5, 1.2 and 0.8 cords per acre. 110 PAGE 115 5. Urbanland This community is subject to periodic flooding and has severe limitations for urban development. Elaborate water management systems which include diking are required for urban uses. It is often difficult to establish vegetation on steep channel side slopes and infertile spoil. Special techniques such as mulching, special plants and unusual seeding and management techniques may be required. Without vegetation, erosion and sedimentation are a problem in some water management systems. Intensive measures may also be necessary to maintain design capacity. Native plants can be used for beautification and require minimum establishment and maintenance. Some of the trees are American holly, Atlantic white cedar, southern bald cypress, cabbage palm, dahoon holly, dogwood, elm, fringetree, hickory, loblolly bay, redbud, redcedar, red maple, sweetgum, oaks, and willow. Some of the shrubs are American beautyberry, buttonbush, elderberry, sawpalmetto, shining sumac, strawberry bush, swamp privet, and waxmyrtle. The most important urban wiidlife are waterfowl and water adapted reptiles and mammals. Undisturbed areas provide good escape cover and travel routes for all forms of wildlife. ENDANGERED AND THREATENED PLANTS AND ANIMALS The following endangered and threatened plants may occur in this community: TREES -Florida torreya, Torreya taxifolia; Florida yew, floridana; Pagoda dogwood, Cornus alternifolia SHRUBS -Needle palm, Rhapidophyllum Orange azalea, Rhododendron austrinum The following endangered and threatened wildlife species may be found in or around this community: MAMMALS BIRDS Florida black bear, Ursus americanus floridanus; Florida panther, Felis concolor coryi; Gray bat, Myotis grisescens; Indiana bat, sodalis Bachman's warbler, Vermivora bachmanii; Ivory-billed woodpecker, Campephilus principalis REPTILES American alligator, Alligator III PAGE 116 21 SWAMP HARDWOODS 'CA .. I: o 10 20 )0 l 50 W1 .. 1:. c:::i:= J Gulf of Mexico Many smaller swamp hardwood communities occur scattered throughout Florida. Map prepared by U. S', Department of Commerce, Bureau of The Census, 1960, Corrected as of Apr i 1 1965. U, S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, SOIL CONSERVATION SERVICE USO"SCSFORT WORTH, TEX"S 1981 112 Atlantic Ocean 'lL ... ltACH I"OWARD FEBRUARY 1981 4-R-36720-21 FEBRUARY 1968 BASE 4-L-25770 PAGE 117 Ferns and other shade-tolerant herbaceous plants are found within the interior of a swamp hardwoods ecological commu-. nity. llJ Typical swamp hardwoods. Buttressed trunks of cy press and tupelo are typical sight s in swamp hardwoods. Swamp hardwoods LITe found bordering many streams. PAGE 118 ECOLOGICAL COMMUNITY NO. 21 SWAMP HARDWOODS OCCURRENCE The Swamp Hardwood ecological community occurs throughout Florida except for the extreme southeast portion of the state. This community is found bordering rivers and in basins which are either submerged or saturated part of the year. DESCRIPTION The vegetation is primarily deciduous trees. Periodic flooding is characteristic of the community. This community does not include cypress swamps or bottomland hardwood areas. These are in separate ecological communities. Soils associated with this community are nearly level, very poorly drained, dark colored and have coarse to medium textured surfaces underlain by finer textured material or are organic. Representative soils include: Bayboro, Bladen, Bluff, Dorovan, Grady, Mantachie, Myatt, Pantego, and Wesconnett. Appendix A contains information on correlation of soils series with the appropriate ecological community. 2. Vegetation Swamp hardwood forests are characterized by hardwoods, a high percentage of which are deciduous. Common dominants are red maple, elm, black gum, water tupelo and cypress. Many areas may have originally been dominated by cypress, but when the large cypress were cut out, the hardwoods become predominant. The species composition is largely determined by the kind of soils that occur. Plants that characterize this community are: TREES Bald cypress, Taxodium distichum; Blackgum, Nyssa. sylvatica; Red maple, Acer rubrum; Water tupelo, Nyssa aquatica SHRUBS -Buttonbush, cassing; Cephalanthus occidentalis; Dahoon holly, Ilex HERBACEOUS PLANTS AND VINES Cinnamon fern, Osmunda cinnamomea; Lizard's tail, Saururus cernuus; Royal fern, Osmunda Wild pine, fasiculata Other plants that occur in the community are found in Appendix B. 3. Animals Animals found in this community are adapted to wet condieions and must withstand the flooding that occurs periodically. 114 PAGE 119 Dense vegetation provides good cover and food sources. include: Wildlife species MAMMALS -Black bear, bobcat, deer,gray squirrel, mink, otter, raccoon BIRDS -Barred owl, hawks, horned owl, pileated woodpecker, turkey, wood duck, various songbirds REPTILES -Turtles, various snakes Information on animals known to occur in specific ecological communities is in Appendix C. LAND USE INTERPRETATIONS 1. Environmental Value as a Natural System Periodic flooding is essential to maintain this ecosystem and is the dominant factor for providing needed nutrients. If the system is drained or flooded for an extended length of time, a new community will result. Swamp hardwood areas are of great value for maintaining good water quality and quantity and for wildlife and wilderness values. Water plays an important part in this If the water cycle is maintained, the community will tolerate disturbance, but if the water table is lowered or periodic water is not available, the system will change. the community is highly endangered due to its sensitivity to changes in the water cycle. Practices such as improper channelization, drainage and impoundment are especially damaging. Swamp hardwood forests are natural storage areas for floodwater. They slow the flow of water, improve water quality and gradually feed water to the rivers. These areas also assimilate inorganic and organic waste and reduce pollution levels. Oxygen diffusion is great in the swamp forest because of the large airto-water surface area. The slow movement of the rivers and obstructions also help with the diffusion. Downstream systems, including estuaries, receive energy through detritus from this system. The swamp forest is not a prime area for intensive agricultural or residential development. Costly water management facilities are needed for any use that modifies the existing natural vegetation. Development would destroy the important wildlife and environmental values of this community. Wildlife often use swamp forests for food and cover and for travel lanes between developed areas. 2. Rangeland This community has little or no use as rangeland. 3. Wildlifeland This community hosts a large variety of wildlife. It is especially well suited for waterfowl, reptiles, amphibians, and mammals. Animals found in this community must withstand the flooding which occurs periodically. Gray squirrel, mink, raccoon, and river otter are the most commonly found mammals. Many birds inhabit this area including chickadees and titmice, 115 PAGE 120 yellow-billed cuckoo, wood duck, limpkin, Acadian flycatcher, woodcock, hooded warbler, cedar waxwing, woodpecker, and wren. various species of hardwood vegetation provide good food and cover these wildlife species. 4. Woodland owls, The for These areas are not generally used for commercial woodland production except for limited harvest of hardwoods. However, this community does have a high potential for commercial woodland production on areas with, adequate surface drainage. There are severe equipment limitations and seedling mortality problems due to the poorly to very poorly drained soil conditions. Slash pine, loblolly pine, eastern cottonwood, sycamore, and sweetgum are species suitable for planting on areas with adequate surface drainage. Potential annual growth respectively for the first three is 1.5, 1.2 and 0.8 cords per acre. Potential production is 18 percent less for areas south of a line from Hernando County in the west to Orange County in the east. s. Urban land This community is subject to periodic flooding and has severe limitations for urban development. Elaborate water management systems are required for urban uses. It is often difficult to establish vegetation on steep channel side slopes and infertile spoil. Special techniques such as mulching, special plants and unusual seeding and management techniques may be required. Without vegetation, erosion and sedimentation are a problem in some water management systems. Intensive measures may also be necessary to maintain design capacity. Native plants can be used for beautification and require minimum establishment and maintenance. Some of the trees are American holly, Atlantic white cedar, cabbage palm, loblolly-bay, Eastern red cedar, red maple, sweetgum, sweetbay, water oak, and willow. Some of the shrubs are buttonbush, dahoon holly, elderberry, sawplametto, swamp azalea, swamp privet and waxmyrtle. Some of the herbaceous plants are aster, dayflower, iris, pine-lily, and rose-mallow. The most important urban wildlife are waterfowl and water-adapted reptiles and mammals. Undisturbed areas provide good escape cover and travel routes for all forms of wildlife. ENDANGERED AND THREATENED PLANTS AND ANIMALS The following threatened or endangered plants may occur in this community: HERBACEOUS PLANTS AND VINES Hanging club moss, Harperocallis flava Dwarf spleenwort, Asplenium Lycopodium dichotomum; Harper's pumilum; beauty, The following threatened or endangered wildlife species may be found in or around this community: MAMMALS Florida black bear, Ursus americanus floridanus; Florida panther, Felis concolor coryi 116 PAGE 121 BIRDS Bachman's warbler, Vermivora bachmanii; Ivory-billed woodpecker, Campephilus principalis; Bald eagle, Raliaeetus leucocephalus; REPTILES American alligator, Alligator mississippiensis 117 PAGE 122 22 SHRUB BOGS BAY SWAMPS o 10 20 1O 410 -,0 MIL.S 1 Gulf of Mexico Map prepared by U. S. Department of Commerce. Bureau of The Census, 1960, Corrected as of Apri I 1965. U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. SOIL CONSERVATION SERVICE U50 ... SCSFORT WORTH. TEX ... S 1111 118 Shrub Bogs -Bay Swamps occur throughout Florida as relatively small communities, too small to delineate at this scale, particularly within flatwoods Atlantic Ocean FEBRUARY 1981 4-R-36720-22 FEBRUARY 1968 BASE 4-L-25770 PAGE 123 Bay swamp in sou th central Florida. 119 Bay swamp seen from a distance. Shrub bog (foreground) with titi trees in west Florida. Titi (Cyrilla racemiflora) is typical of many shrub bogs in west Florida. PAGE 124 ECOLOGICAL COMMUNITY NO. 22 SHRUB BOG-BAY SWAMP OCCURRENCE The Shrub Bog-Bay Swamp ecological community occurs throughout Florida, although the dominant plants vary considerably in different areas. The ones dominated by black titi (Cliftonia monophylla) occur primarily in the panhandle area; the ones dominated by white titi (Cyrilla racemiflora) occur all across the northern part of the state; the ones dominated by large gallberry, staggerbush, and sweet occur primarily in the northeastern part of the state; while bay swamps occur throughout the state, with loblolly bay dominating in the northeast, sweet bay in the pandhandle, and mixtures of loblolly, red, and sweet bay in the peninsula. The shrub bogs-bay swamp range in size up to several thousand acres. DESCRIPTION This community may be found perched on hillsides, in depressions in flatwoods, filling ravines, or as linear strips along the edges of swamps. They are usually maintained by seepage from higher land. pine creek The shrub bog-bay swamp ecological community is dominated by evergreen vegetation, occurring on soils with a muck layer. Shrub bogs are predominantly dense masses of evergreen shrubby vegetation seldom exceeding twenty-five feet in height, while bay swamps are forested wetlands dominated by one or two species of evergreen trees. The bay swamp is considered to be a climax community with mature trees, while shrub bogs are in the earlier stages of plant succession. Periodic fire helps to keep some of these areas in this shrub bog or sub-climax stage, especially the titi types. The shrubs have many stems and thick foliage and often appear impenetrable. Soils commonly associated with this community are nearly level to gently sloping, acid, somewhat poorly to very poorly drained, sandy or loamy soils adjacent to drainageways that are fed by seepage water. Representative soils are Charlotte, Dorovan Thermic Variant, Pickney, Rutledge and Samsula. Appendix A contain information on correlation on soil series with the appropriate ecological community. 2. Vegetation The natural vegetation of this community is dominated by evergreen shrubs or trees. Several types of each phase are recognized. One type of shrub bog is that dominated primarily by a single species, either black titi or bay. Two other types burn at frequent intervals and form a nearly impenetrable thicket of various shrubs--in some areas these may be dominated by titi (Swamp cyrilla); while in others, mixtures of large gallberry, staggerbush, and sweet pepperbush dominate. The bay swamp may be dominated by sweet bay, loblolly bay, or mixtures of sweet bay, loblolly 120 PAGE 125 bay, and red bay. Scattered slash and pond pine and an occasional cypress are often noticeable, forming a very open canopy over the shrub bogs. In extreme south Florida, small circular bays are common on marl prairies of the Everglades that a're dominated by sweet bay, red bay, willow, cocoplum, Australian pine, and Brazilian pepper. Plants characterizing this community (although occurrence may greatly depending on type and location within the state) are: vary TREES SHRUBS -Atlantic white cedar, Chamaecyparis, thyoides; Blackgum, Nyssa silvatica; Buckwheat trees (Black titi), Cliftonia monophylla; Loblolly bay, Gordonia lasianthus; Pond pine, Pinus serotina; Redbay, Persea borbonia; Slash pine, Pinu. elliotti; Sweetbay, Magnolia virginiana -Black titi (Buckwheat tree), Cliftonia monophylla; Dog-hobble, Leucothoe spp.; Fetterbush, Lyonia lucida; Large gallberry, Ilex coricea; Myrtle-leaved holly, myrtifolia; Summersweet Clethra Titi (Swamp cyrilla), Cyrilla racemiflora HERBACEOUS PLANTS AND VINES -Greenbriars, Smilax spp.; Spaghnum moss, Spaghnum spp. A list of other plants that occur in the community are in Appendix B. 3. Animals Shrub bogs support a variety of wildlife. Most mammals, including bear, use shrub bogs for cover. Wading birds, such as egrets and herons often nest in the trees. Reptiles such as frogs, salamanders, and snakes are common. Information on animals known to occur in specific ecological communities is in Appendix C. LAND USE INTERPRETATIONS 1. Environmental Value as a Natural Shrub bogs are important as fire buffers. Seepage water keeps them almost constantly wet and they protect adjoining swamps from fire during dry periods. They act as small reservoirs by receiving seepage water and metering it out in a small but steady supply. Drainage of the bog or immediately upslope will strongly modify or destroy these environments. Shrub bogs are aesthetically pleasing. 2. Rangeland, This community has little or no use as rangeland. protection for cattle during wet, cold weather. 3. Wildlifeland It does offer This community's primary value to game animals is the escape cover furnished to deer, turkey, and quail by the thick growth. This cover is also important to the black bear and Florida panther. Shrub bogs provide 121 PAGE 126 good habitat for a variety of frogs, salamanders, and crayfish and predatory snakes and raccoons. Wading birds, particularly in south Florida, find this community valuable as safe roosting or nesting habitat. 4. Woodland These areas are not generally used for commercial wood production, except for limited harvest of hardwoods. However, this community does have a high to moderate potential for commercial wood production on areas with adequate surface drainage. There are severe equipment limitations and seedling mortality problems due to the poorly to very poorly drained soil conditions. Slash pine, loblolly pine, eastern cottonwood, American sycamore, and sweetgum are species suitable for planting on areas with adequate surface drainage in north and central Florida. Potential annual growth respectively for the first three are 1.5, 1.2, and 0.8 cords per acre. Potential production is 18 percent less for areas south of a line from Hernando County in the west and Orange County in the east. This community is subject to periodic flooding and has severe limitations for urban development. Elaborate water management systems are required for urban uses. It is often difficult to establish vegetation on steep channel side slopes and infertile soil. Special techniques such as mulching, special plants and unusual seeding and management techniques may be required. Without vegetation, erosion and sedimentation are a problem in some water management systems. Intensive measures may also be necessary to maintain design capacity. Native plants can be used for beautification and require minimum establishment and maintenance. Some of the trees are Atlantic white cedar, dahoon, American holly, loblolly bay, slash pine, and sweetbay magnolia. Some of the shrubs are but tonbush elderberry, holly, and southern waxmyrtle. Some of the herbaceous plans are aster, and iris. The most important urban wildlife are waterfowl and water-adapted reptiles and mammals. Undisturbed areas provide good escape cover and travel routes for most forms of wildlife. ENDANGERED AND THREATENED PLANTS AND ANIMALS_ The following endangered and threatened plants may occur in this community: SHRUBS Chapman's rhododendron, Rhododendron chapmanii HERBS -Harper's beauty, Harperocallis flava The following threatened or endangered wildlife species may be found in or around this community: MAMMALS -Everglades mink, Muste1a vison evergladensis.; Florida black bear, Ursus floridanus; Florida panther, Felis conco lor coryi 122 PAGE 127 23 PITCHER PLANT BOGS SCAL.E to 10 30 Gulf of Mexico Most common in northwest Florida; west of Levy County on the Gulf of Mexico and St. Johns County on the Atlantic Ocean. Commu nities are usually less than 100 acres in sIze. Map prepared by U. S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of The Census. 1960. Corrected as of April 1965. U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. SOIL CONSERVATION SERVICE 123 Atlantic Ocean FEBRUARY 1981 4R-23 FEBRUARY 1968 BASE 4-L PAGE 128 124 Srattered pine and pitcher plants in a g rassland area are typical of pitcher p lant bogs. Pitcher plants characterize this ecological community. PAGE 129 ECOLOGICAL COMMUNITY NO. 23 PITCHER PLANT BOGS OCCURRENCE The Pitcher Plant Bogs ecological community occurs primarily in north Florida. They are most Common in northwest Florida just inland from the coast. Individual communities vary in size but are usually no more than 100 acres. DESCRIPTION This community appears as an open expanse,of grasses, sedges, and pitcher plants with scattered, stunted pine and cypress. At times, the bogs are flamboyant with wild flowers. There is a predominance of insect-eating plants, dominated by pitcher plants. The erect "trumpets" of these spectacular plants protrude up through the grasses and sedges. The community occupies generally flat areas or seepage hillsides. Water frequently stands on the surface. 1. Soils Soils commonly associated with the community are nearly level to sloping, deep, acid, poorly or very po'orly drained, and developed from sandy or sandy and loamy materials. Representative soils are Mulat and Rutledge. Appendix A contains information on correlation of soil series with the appropriate ecological community. 2. Vegetation The natura'! vegetation of this community is low-growing grasses and herbaceous plants with scattered trees or shrubs. There is a predominance of pitcher plants. Plants which characterize this community are: TREES SHRUBS Slasn pine, Pinus elliottii -Waxmyrtle, Myrica cerifera; Myrtle-leaved holly, Ilex cassine var. myrtifolia HERBACEOUS PLANTS -Hat pin sedge, Eriocaulon spp.; Pitcher-plant, Sarracenia spp.; Rush featherling, Pleea tenuifolia; Sundews, Drosera spp. GRASSES -Blue maidencane, Amphicarpum muhlenbergianum; Florida threeawn, Aristida rhizomophora; Pineland Aristida stricta; Toothachegrass, Ctenium aromaticum; Warty panicum, Panicum verrucosum A list of other plants that occur in the community is in Appendix B. 3. Animals This community is characterized by a low diversity of wildlife. The fauna is not well known but is largely burrowing, such as crayfish, earthworms, 125 PAGE 130 and salamanders. Herb bogs are excellent areas for obtaining earthworms. Some other species that occur are: MAMMALS -Armadillo, deer, raccoon BIRDS Meadowlark, little kestrel, marsh hawk, bobwhite quail REPTILES -Coral snake, Florida brown snake, garter snake" ringneck' snake Information on animals known to occur in specific ecological communities is in Appendix C. LAND USE INTERPRETATIONS 1. Environmental Value as a Natural System Pitcher Plant bogs are maintained by very high water tables and frequent fire. Fire is necessary to invasion by shrubs and succession to shrubs bogs. Elimination of fire will destroy this rare ecosystem. This wetland is unique in the predominance of insect-eating plants. It is a valuable water storage area. In addition, this wetland has high aesthetic, educational, and scientific values. They are rapidly being destroyed by drainage and for the planting of pine or improved pasture. 2. Rangeland This ecological community has the potential for producing significant amounts of high quality forage.. For sites in excellent condition, the average annual production of air dry plant materials varies from 5,000 to 10,000 pounds per acre. This variation depends on plant growth conditions. From 3 to 13+ acres are usually needed per animal unit depending upon amount and type of forages available. The relative percentage of annual vegetative production by weight is 80 percent grasses and grasslike plants,S percent trees and shrubs, and 15 percent herbs. 3. Wildlife land This community is one of the least productive for wildlife, probably due to the low diversity of plant species and growth forms, which limits food and cover. It provides fair habitat for white-tailed deer and bobwhite quail. It is also suited for raccoons, armadillos, and open grass-country birds. 4. Woodland This is not generally recommended for woodland. 5. Urbanland This community is subject to high water tables and has severe limitations for urban development. Intensive and complex water management systems are required for urban uses. It is often difficult to establish vegetation on steep channel side slopes and infertile spoils. Special techniques are usually required in these situations. Without vegetation, erosion and 126 PAGE 131 sedimentation is often a problem. Wind erosion can also be a severe problem, especially in the spring, on unvegetated areas. Native plants can be used for beautification and require minimum establishment and maintenance. Some of the trees are bald cypress, pond pine, slash pine, and sweetbay magnolia. Some of the shrubs are myrtleleaved holly, and waxmyrtle. Some of the herbs are aster, cone flowers, iris, pitcher plants, marsh pink, meadowbeauty, and sunflower. The most important urban wildlife is birds. Undisturbed areas provide good escape cover and travel routes for most forms of wildlife. ENDANGERED AND THREATENED PLANTS AND ANIMALS The following endangered and threatened plants may occur in this community; HERBACEOUS Harper's beauty, Harperocallis f1avaj'White-top pitcherplant, Sarracenia leucophylla The following endangered or threatened animals may be found or around this community: BIRDS -Southeastern kestrel, Falco sparverius paulus 127 PAGE 132 24 SAWGRASS MARSH CI c: ::.i I '0 Gulf SCAL-E 20 30 of .0 SO M'LoI: I Mexico I'OlK Map prepared by U. S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of The Census, 1960, Corrected as of April 1965. U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, SOIL CONSERVATION SERVICE USDA-SC5-FORT WORTH, TEXAS Hili' 128 Atlantic Ocean FEBRUARY 1981 4-R-36720-24 FEBRUARY 1968 BASE 4L-25770 PAGE 133 Sawgrass marsh i n Ever.g l a des National: Park. Sawgrass, this conununity 129 This community appears as an open expanse of sawgrass in marshy area. PAGE 134 COMMUNITY NO. 24 .. SAWGRASS MARSH OCCURRENCE The Sawgrass Marsh ecological community occurs south of Lake Okeechobee in the area known as the Everglades. Individual vary widely in size. The large communities are many thousands of acres in size. Smaller sawgrass marsh areas outside the Everglades are included in Ecological Community No. 25 -Freshwater Marsh and Ponds. DESCRIPTION This community appears as an open expanse of sawgrass in an area where the soil is saturated or covered with surface water during part tne year. 1. -Soils Soils commonly associated with this community are nearly level and very poorly drained with marly or organic surfaces underlain by limestone. Representative soils are Hialeah, Loxahatchee, Ochopee, Pahokee and Plantation. Appendix A contains information on correlation of soil series with the appropriate ecological community. 2. Vegetation The natural vegetation of this community is dominated by sawgrass. Muhly grass increases and become obvious when the sawgrass is repeatedly exposed to fire and the hydroperiod is shortened. With natural conditions, the vigorous sawgrass is 6 to 10 feet tall and of such density that few other plants can survive. Other marsh plants invade the sawgrass where marginal conditions occur for sawgrass growth. These conditions include shallow organic soils and areas where the period of water submergence is short. Trees are not characteristic of this community, but a few may occur on the banks of gator holes. Plants that characterize this community are: GRASSES -Gulf muhly, Muhlenbergia capillaris var. filipes; Jamaica sawgrass, Cladium jamaicense; Plume grass, Erianthus spp. HERBACEOUS -Pickerelweed, Pontederia cordata and Pontederia lanceolata Information about plants which occur in specific ecological communities is in Appendix B. 3. Animals Numerous birds use this community for wintering or year snails, and crayfish are common and serve as food for Animals that commonly occur in this community include: MAMMALS Deer 130 round. larger Frogs, animals. PAGE 135 BIRDS Red-winged blackbirds, egrets, herons, ibis, bitterns, kites REPTILES Water snakes, alligator Information on animals know to occur in specific ecological communities is in Appendix C. LAND USE INTERPRETATIONS 1. Environmental Value as a Natural System The sawgrass marshes serve as filter systems for water. They protect natural bodies of water from eutrophication. Marshes will retain water during drought and also help slow down water at flood times. Their principal environmental values are related to water quality and quantity. Tall, dense sawgrass occurs in deep organic soils and requires water coverage of the rhizomes for most of the year. It also forms extensive, but shorter and less dense stands on marl soils in south Florida. Drainage, organic soils subsidence, and fires have reduced the amount of sawgrass and promoted the growth of other plants in many areas. The sawgrass community is one of the most resistant communities to change under natural conditions. Fires and water quantity reduction can completely alter the communities' characteristics within 10 to 20 years. 2. Wildlife land This community provides excellent habitat for many birds, especially wading birds and water fowl. It is also well suited for alligators and snakes. 3. Woodland This community is not generally recommended for woodland. 4. Urbanland This community is subject to very high water tables and has severe limitations for urban Intensive and complex water management systems 'are required for urban uses. It is often difficult to establish vegetation on steep channel side slopes and infertile spoil. Special techniques are usually required in these situations. Without vegetation, erosion and sedimentation can become a problem. Much of the sawgrass marsh is now included in the Everglades National park and is not available for urban uses. ENDANGERED AND THREATENED PLANTS AND ANIMALS Threatened or endangered plants do not normally occur in this community. Threatened or endangered animals that may occur in sawgrass marsh communities included: 131 PAGE 136 MAMMALS BIRDS Everglades mink, Mustela vison evergladensis; Florida panther, Felis concolor coryi Snail kite, Rostrhamus sociabilis Wood stork, Mycteria americana REPTILES American alligator, Alligator mississippiensis 132 PAGE 137 25 FRESHWATER' MARSH SCAL-It 'i=t='XO=ZiO=::;30=:::ili:::=:::l'r M'L-1tS Gulf of Mexico Numerous small communities are scattered throughout Florida. Map prepared by U. S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of The Census, 1960, Corrected as of Apr i I 1965. U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, SOIL CONSERVATION SERVICE USOA-SCS-FORT WORTH, TEXAS '98' 133 Atlantic Ocean FEBRUARY 1981 4-R-36720-25 FEBRUARY 1968 BASE 4-L-25770 PAGE 138 Freshwater marshes are covered with wate r most of the 13 4 Freshwater marsh of sawgrass, C l adium cens e (background) and herbaceous plants. Distant view of a freshwater marsh in Polk County. PAGE 139 ,,""0" _10_" PAGE 141 ECOLOGICAL COMMUNITY NO. 25 FRESHWATER MARSH AND PONDS The Fl:eshwater Marsh and Pondo ecological community occurs throughout Florida. Individual communities vary widely in size. The largest communities, several thousaod aCl:es in si:l:e. generally occur in southeast Florida. This community appears as an open expanse of grssses. sedges, and rushes, and othel: hel:baceous plants in an areas wher", the soil i9 usually saturated or covered with surface water for two or more montho during the year. The extensive sawgrasB mal:Bh that occurs in the Everglades is not included within community, but smaller sawgrass areas are. Soils commonly associated with this community are nearly level and very poorly drained with coal:se textured or organic surfaces underlain by clay or sand. Representative soils are Basinger depressional, Brightoo. Charlotte ponded, Dania, Everglades, Felda depressional, Iberia, KaJiga, Lauderhill, Monteverde, Micco, Ocoee. Okeechobee, Sanibel, Tequesta, and Torry. Appendix A contains information on correlation of soil series with the ecological community. Within Florida, eight major different types of freshwatl!r marshes have been described. Anyone marsh may be composed of sections of different major types. There is also intergrading of these types. The types are: include: Flag marshes dominated by pickerelweed, SawgrasB marshes, Arrowhead marshes, Fire flag and other non-grass herbs msrsh. Cattail marsh, Spike-rush marsh, Bulrush marsh, and Maidencane marsh that characterize this community (depending on type or marsh) GRASSES AND GRASSLIKE PLANTS -Beak rushes, Rhychosponl spp.; Blue maidencane, Amphicarpum wuhlenbergianum; Bottlebrush threeawn. Bulrushes, Scirpus spp.; Carie sedges, Csrex app.; Clubhell.d cutgrass, ComlOOn reed, Phragmites spp.; Flat sedge, Cyperus spp.; Maidencane, Panicum hemitomon; Rush, Junclls app.; Sawgrsss, Clsdium jamaicense; Spike rushes, spp.; Umbrella grass, Fuirena spp.; Wild millet, Echinocloa spp.; HERBACEOUS PLANTS -Arrowhead, Saggitaris spp.; Blue flag, Iris hexagona oavannar,!!!!!.; Cattail, 1:RhA spp.; Fire flag, Thalia 137 PAGE 142 Picken-h,reed, Pontederia .fQdata _and Pontrleria lanceolats; Smartweed. Polygonum spp.; Pennywort. Hydrocotll! spp. -St. Johns wort, HypericU!l spp.; Primrose willow, lJ.Jdwigia spp.; Elderberry, Sambucus Information about plants which occur in specific ecological communities is in Appendix B. 3. Animals The freshwater marshes aod ponds provide excl!llent habitats for many wildlife species. Numerous birds Bod waterfowl use this community for wintering or year-round. Animals that commonly occur in this community MAMMALS Otter, mink, raccoon, marsh rabbit, white-tailed deer, Florida -Herons, egrets, bitterns, ibis, sandhill cranes, rails, limpkins, gallinules, snipe, killdeer, Florida duck, red-winged blackbrids, caracara, marsh hawk, red-shouldered hawk, swallow tailed kite REPTILES Amphiuma, dwarf salamander, sirens, frogs (cricket frogs, bullfrog, leopard frog), turtles {mud turtle, red-bellied turtle, chicken turtle}, snakes, (horn, water, swamp, brown, cottonmouth, ribbon), alligator Information on animals know to occur in "pecific ecological communities i" in Appendix C. The freshwater marshes and ponds serve as a filter system for rivers and lakes. This protects the rivers and lakl!s from eutrophication and provides the marsh with nutrients that are used in the vegetative growth. Marshes will retain water during drought and large manhes also help slow down water flows at flood times. Fire snd water level fluctuation are the major factors affecting these wetland areaS. Variations in the water patterns on the marsh will change the plant diversity and productivity. Marsh-prairie systems will eventually move to a woody com.munity with exclusion of fire or with pennanent and lower water level changes. The freshwater marsh community is highly endangered. Many have been destroyed or at least degraded. S01lle examples of areaS where drainage has occurred for reclamation of land and for agricultural interests are: The Everglades. Kissimmee River marshes. Lake Isotokpoga marsh, and the upper St. Johns River marsh. Recreational uses of this community may cause much di"turoance. In fact, recreational vehicles, when used a great deal, will change the plant community found in the area. PAGE 143 2. Rangeland ThiB eco10gic,\1 community has the potentisl for producing significant amounts of high quality forage. For sites in excellent condition, the average annual production of air dry plant materials varies frum 5.000 to 10,000 pound per acre. This variation depends on plant growth conditions. From 3 to 13+ acres are u5ually needed per animal unit depending upon amount and type of forages available. The relative percentage of annual vegetative production by weight is 80 percent grasses and grssslike plants, 5 percent trees and shrubs, and 15 percent herbs. This corrnnunity providea excellent habitat for may wetland wildlife species. It includes sevE'ral endangE'red speciE'S. Many birds use this community year-round and/or for wintering. This cnrrnnunity iR not recommended for comtnercial woodland unless drainage has been provided. 5. Urhanland This community is subject to periodic flooding and has severe limitations for urbsll development. Elaborate water management systems are required for urban arE'BS. It is often difficult to establish vegetation on steep channel side slopes and infertile spoil. Specisl techniques sucb as mulching, special plants and unusual seeding and management techniques are often required. Without vegetation, erosion and sedilI\E'ntation may become a problem. Intensive measures way also be necessary to maintaiu design capacity. Native plants can be used for beautification and require minimum estahlishlI\E'nt and maintenance. Some of the trees are buttonbush, coastal plain willow. and persimmon. Some of the shrubs are elderberry and waxmyrtle. Some of the herbs are golden canna, cardinal flower. cone flower, rose-mallow, iris, marsh pink, and meadowbeauty. Tbe most important urban wildlife are wading birds, waterfowl, fish, and water-adapted reptiles and mammals. Undisturbed areas provide excellent cover and travel rout'B for all forms of wildlife. Threatened or endangered animals include: -Everglades mink, Key Vaca raccoon, lotor auspicatY.! (middle Florida KeyS only); Silver rice rut, Oryzomys argentat!!..!!. BIRDS -Cape Sable seaside sparrow, Ammodramus maritimus mirabilisj Crested caracara, Polyborus plancus; Florida sandhill crane, ni.!. canadensis'pw'w'u'!; Snail kite, Wood stork. american,! 139 PAGE 144 REPTILES American alligator, Alligator missis.jppiensi.; Florida ribbon snake, Thamnophis s8uritis (Keys population only); Key mud turtle, MID. (Keys population only) PAGE 145 26 SLOUGH SCAL-It o 10 20 30 .., 50 MIL-ItS I I I I I Gulf of Mexico Occurs mostly in South Florida Flatwoods communi ties south of Citrus County on the Gulf of Mexico and St. Johns County on the Atlantic Ocean. OKALOOSA WALTOH JACKSON I V CALHOUN; I -J 1----. I : I I , I \ } Map prepared by U. S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of The Census, 1960, Corrected as of Apri I 1965. U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, SOIL CONSERVATION SERVICE USDA-SCS-FORT WORTH. TEXAS 1911 141 OllAHGl GLADU HENDIIY COLLlEII Atlantic Ocean PALM llACH llIOWAIID DADE FEBRUAR Y 1981 4-R-36720-26 FEBRUARY 1968 BASE 4-L-25770 PAGE 146 Sloughs typically occur as relatively narrow drainage ways interspersed thTClugh south Florida [lutwClCld 11.2 A typical slough of south Florida presents un open vista, domina ted hy grasses and sedges. Sand cordgrass, SpRTt1na baker!, t" COlOmOIl OIl o:;:;ergrazedsloIlgh,'ire.'lR. PAGE 147 ECOLOGICAL COMMUNITY NO. 26 SLOUGH The Slough ecological community occurs throughout central and south but especially in the latter. Individual communities vary widely Most serve as drainageways for water during periods of heavy and rainfall. This community occurs mostly within the south Florida ecological community. DESCRIPTION Florida, in size. prolonged flatwoods This community appears as an open expanse of grasses, sedges, and rushes in an areas where the soil is saturated during the rainy season. Most sloughs are relatively long and narrow and slightly lower in elevation than the surrounding flatwoods or hammocks. Soils commonly associated with this community are nearly level and poorly drained with coarse textured surfaces underlain by clay or sand. Representative soils are: Anclote, Arze11, Basinger, Charlotte, Placid, and Pop1e. Appendix A contains information on correlation of soil series with the appropriate ecological community. Grasses are the most common plants found in sloughs. Sedges and rushes also occur, with scattered shrubs in some locations. Plants that characterize this community are: SHRUBS St. Peters wort, stans HERBACEOUS -Pickerel weed, Pontederia cordata; Sundew, Drosera spp.; Marsh pink, Sabatia spp.; Meadowbeauty, Rhexia spp.; Mi1kwort, Polygala spp.; Yellow-eyed grass, !YJis spp. GRASSES AND GRASSLIKE PLANTS Beak rushes, Rhynchospora spp; Blue maidencane, Amphicarpum muh1enbergianum; B1uejoint panicum, Panicum tenerum; Bott1ebrush threeawn, Aristida spiciformis; Panicum, Dichanthe1ium dichotomum; Low panicum, spp.; Sand cordgrass, Spartina bakeri; Sloughgrass, spp.; Soft rush, Juncus effusus Information about plants which occur in specific ecological communities is in Appendix B. 3. Animals Sloughs are host to a diverse wildlife population. occur where sloughs join flatwoods and hammocks. sloughs are: 143 Many larger animals Typical animals of the PAGE 148 MAMMALS BIRDS REPTILES -Bobcat, deer, gray fox, marsh rabbit, opoSSum, cotton rat, raccoon Bobwhite quail, cranes, egrets, herons, ibis, meadowlark, red-shouldered hawks, snipe Cottonmouth moccasin, eastern diamondback rattlesnake, pigmy rattlesnake, ringneck snake, yellow rat snake AMPHIBIANS -Frogs (chorus, cricket, grass, pig), salamanders Information on animals known to occur in specific ecological communities is in Appendix C. LAND USE INTERPRETATIONS 1. Environmental Value as a Natural System Sloughs serve as natural drainageways during high water periods. As such, they have great value in improving water quality by natural processes. They also retain water, help slow down water flows, and thereby increase water quantity and improve water quality. Fire and artificial water level fluctuations are the major factors affecting these areas. Variations in the natural sequences of either event will change the slough's diversity and productivity. With the exclusion of fire or permanent water level reduction, the plant succession will be to a wooded community. Native forage production is good with proper management. Use for rangeland has only a slight effect on the community if properly managed. The community has good wildlife values, especially with proper management. The installation of water control practices have facilitated the use of some sloughs for improved pasture, vegetables, and citrus. 2. Rangeland This ecological community has the potential for producing significant amounts of high quality forage such as blue maidencane, chalky bluestem and bluejoint panicum. For sites in excellent condition, the average annual production of air dry plant material varies from 3,000 to 6,000 pounds per acre. This variation depends on plant growth conditions. From 4 to 16+ acres are usually needed per animal unit depending upon amount and type of forage available. The relative percentages of annual vegetative production by weight is 85 percent grasses and grasslikes plants, 15 percent herbaceous plants. 3. Wildlifeland This community is productive in regards to food for bobwhite quail, deer, and wading birds. Its low growing vegetative growth provides poor cover for most wildlife species, but this is often offset by the "edge effect" of this community when it is located with flatwoods. 4. Woodland 144 PAGE 149 This community is not recommended for commercial woodland unless water control measures are provided. 5. Urban land. This community is subject to high water tables, especially during the rainy seasons. This causes limitations for urban development and water management systems are required. It is often difficult to establish vegetation on steep channel side slopes and infertile soils. Special planting and management techniques may be required. Without adequate vegetation, erosion and sedimentation is usually a problem. Severe wind erosion can also occur, especially in the spring. Native plants can be used for beautification and require minimum establishment and maintenance. Some of the shrubs are sawplametto and waxmyrtle. Some of herbaceous plants are aster, cone flower, iris, marsh pink, and meadowbeauty. The most important urban wildlife Undisturbed areas are important as wildlife. are songbirds refuge areas ENDANGERED AND THREATENED PLANTS AND ANIMAL. Threatened or endangered animals include: MAMMALS -Florida panther, Felis concolor coryi and wading birds. for many forms of BIRDS Dusky seaside sparrow (Brevard County only), Ammodramus maritimus nigriscens.; Florida sandhill crane, Grus canadensis pratensis 145 PAGE 150 ECOLOGICAL COMMUNITIES-CLIMATIC ZONES FLORIDA Atlantic Ocean. N 1 Mexico ----SOUTH TROPICAL 146 .JtTNE1978 PAGE 151 APPENDIX A CORRELATION OF COMMUNITY OCCURRENCE BY SOIL SERIES PAGE 152 Ecological community occurrence is dependent on several environmental factors; however, within a specific area, the type of soil is most influential. The following table lists the soil series presently mapped in Florida with the ecoLogical community (or communities) found on each series. Some series are found with only one community type, while others may support several communities; however, where more than one community has been found, the change can usually be attributed to plant successional stages or regional location differences within the state. For example, if the influence of fire were to be diminished in a pine flatwoods area, it would be expected to move, through plant succession, to a hardwoods-dominated community. Another example would be a soil such as Albany, which supports a Mixed Hardwood and Pine community in the Florida panhandle, but an Upland Hardwood Hammock community in northeast Florida. These are similar hardwood communities, differing primarily by the dominant oak species in the locations. i PAGE 153 Appendix A CORRELATION OF SOIL SERIES WITH ECOLOGICAL COMMUNITY Soil Series Mapping Symbol Adamsville Adamsville thermic variants Alaga Alapaha Allanton Albany Alluvial Alpin Anclote Anclote, depressional I Ecological Community 6-South Florida Flatwoods Hardwood Hammocks 15-0ak Hammock 7-North Florida Flatwoods 15-0ak Hammock 5-Mixed Hardwood and Pine II-Wetland Hardwood Hammocks 21-Swamp Hardwoods 5-Mixed Hardwood and Pine II-Upland hardwood Hammocks 20-Bottomland Hardwoods 21-Swamp Hardwoods 4-Longlea Pine-Turkey Oak Hills 21-Swamp Hardwoods 26-Slough 25-Freshwater Marsh and Ponds PAGE 154 Soil Series Mapping Symbol Anclote, thermic variant Anclote, Tomoka Association Angie Ankona Ankona, depressional Apalachee Apopka Archbold Archer Ardilla Aripeka 2 Ecological Community 2l-Swamps Hardwoods 26-Slough 2l-Swamp Hardwoods 25-Freshwater Marsh and Ponds 26-Slough 5-Mixed Hardwood and Pine 6-South Florida Flatwoods 25-Freshwater Marsh and Ponds 2l-Swamp Hardwoods 4-Longleaf Pine-Turkey Oak Hills II-Upland Hardwood Hammock 3-Sand Pine Scrub II-Upland Hardwood Hammocks 5-Mixed Hardwood and Pine 7-North Florida Flatwoods 12-Wetland Hardwood Hammocks 13-Cabbage Palm Hammocks PAGE 155 Soil Series Mapping Symbol Arrendondo Astatula Astor Bakersville Barth Basinger Basinger, depressional Bayboro Bayvi 3 Ecological Community 4-Longleaf Pine-Turkey Oak Hills 5-Mixed Hardwood Pine II-Upland Hardwood Hammocks 4-Longleaf Pine-Turkey Oak Hills 5-Mixed Hardwood Pine II-Upland Hardwood Hammocks 3-Sand Pine Scrub 4-Longleaf Pine-Turkey Oak Hills 17-Cypress Swamp 26-Slough 21-Swamp Hardwoods 5-Mixed Hardwood and Pine 7-North Florida Flatwoods 26-S1ough 17-Cypress Swamp 21-Swamp Hardwoods 25-Freshwater Marsh and Ponds 17-Cypress Swamp 21-Swamp Hardwoods IS-Salt Marsh PAGE 156 Soil Series Mapping Symbol Beaches Benndale Bessie Bethera Bibb, Bibb -Association Bigbee Binnsville Bivans Bladen Bladen, ponded Blanton 4 Ecological Community I-North Florida Coastal Strand 2-South Florida Coastal Strand .5-Mixed Hardwood and Pine 19-Mangrove Swamps I2-Wetland Hardwood Hammocks 20-Bottomland Hardwoods 21-Swamp Hardwoods II-Upland Hardwood Hammocks 5-Mixed Hardwood and Pine II-Upland Hardwood Hammocks 7-North Florida Flatwoods 21-Swamp Hardwoods 21-Swamp Hardwoods 5-Mixed Hardwood and Pine II-Upland Hardwood Hammocks PAGE 157 Soil Series Blichton Bluff Boardman Boca Boca, depressional Boca, slough Boca, tidal Bohicket Bonifay Bonneau Boswell Bowie Mapping Symbol 5 Ecological Community II-Upland Hardwood Hammocks 21-Swamp Hardwoods II-Upland Hardwood Hammocks 6-South Florida Flatwoods 8-Cabbage Palm Flatwoods 25-Freshwater Marsh and Ponds 26-Slough 8-Salt Marsh 18-Salt Marsh 4-Longleaf Pine-Turkey Oak Hills II-Upland Hardwood Hammocks 5-Mixed Hardwood and Pine 5-Mixed Hardwood and Pine PAGE 158 Soil Series Mapping Symbol Braden Bradenton Brighton Broward Bulow Bushnell Cadillac Caloosa Canaveral Candler Canova 6 Ecological Community 6-South Florida Flatwoods 12-Wetland Hardwood Hammocks 13-Cabbage Palm Hammocks 25-Freshwater Marsh and Ponds 6-South Florida Flatwoods 8-Cabbage Palm Flatwoods II-Upland Hardwood Hammocks II-Upland Hardwood Hammocks II-Upland Hardwood Hammocks Man Made I-North Florida Coastal Strand 2-South Florida Coastal Strand 4-Longleaf Pine-Turkey Oak Hills 25-Freshwater Marsh and Ponds PAGE 159 Soil Series Mapping Symbol Captiva Carnegie Cassia Centenary Chaires Charlotte Charlotte, thermic variant Charlotte, ponded Chewacla Chiefland Chipley Chipoia 7 Ecological Community 26-Slough 5-Mixed Hardwood and Pine 3-Sand Pine Scrub 6-South Florida Flatwoods 4-Longleaf Pine-Turkey Oak Hills 7-North Florida Flatwoods 26-Slough 22-Shrub Bog 26-Slough 25-Freshwater Marsh and Ponds 2I-Swamp Hardwoods 4-Longleaf Pine-Turkey Oak Hills II-Upland Hardwood Hammocks 5-Mixed Hardwood and Pine 5-Mixed Hardwood and Pine PAGE 160 Soil Series Mapping Symbol Chobee Clarendon Coastal dunes Cocoa Compass Congaree Copeland Cornelia Corolla Cowarts 8 EcolQ&ical Community 17-Cypress Swamp 21-Swamp Hardwoods 25-Freshwater Marsh and Ponds 5-Mixed Hardwood and Pine I-North Florida Coastal Strand 2-South Florida Coastal Strand 4-Longlea Pine-Turkey Oak Hills 5-Mixed Hardwood and Pine 5-Mixed Hardwood and Pine 21-Swamp Hardwoods 25-Freshwater Marsh and Ponds 4-Longlea Pine-Turkey Oak Hills I-North Florida Coastal Strand 5-Mixed Hardwood and Pine PAGE 161 Soil Series Mapping Symbol Coxville Croatan Cuthbert Dade Dania Daytona '/DeLand Delks Delray Denaud Dirego Dorovan 9 Ecological Community 12-Wetland Hardwood Hammocks 25-Freshwater Marsh and Ponds 5-Mixed Hardwood and Pine 9-Everglades Flatwoods 25-Freshwater Marsh and Ponds 3-Sand Pine Scrub 4-Longleaf Pine-Turkey Oak Hills 6-South Florida Flatwoods l7-Cypress Swamp 2l-Swamp Hardwoods 25-Freshwater Marsh and Ponds 26-Slough 25-Freshwater Marsh and Ponds IS-Salt Marsh 21-Swamp Hardwoods 22-Shrub Bog PAGE 162 Soil Series Dothan Ducks ton Duette Dunbar Duplin Durbin Eaton Eaton. depressional EauGallie EauGallie. depressional Ebro Eglin Mapping Symbol 10 Ecological Community 5-Mixed Hardwood and Pine 2-North Florida Coastal Strand 3-Sand Pine Scrub 5-Mixed Hardwood and Pine 5-Mixed Hardwood and Pine IS-Salt Marsh 6-South Florida Flatwoods 17-Cypress Swamp 6-South Florida Flatwoods 15-0ak Hammocks 25-Freshwater Marsh and Ponds 21-Swamp Hardwoods 4-Longleaf Pine-Turkey Oak Hills PAGE 163 Soil Series Mapping Symbol Electra Electra, thermic variant Ellzey Elred Emera Ida Escambia Estero Esto Eulonia Eureka Eureka, ponded Everglades 11 Ecological Community 6-South Florida Flatwoods 7-North Florida Flatwoods 6-South Florida Flatwoods 6-South Florida Flatwoods 21-Swamp Hardwoods 25-Freshwater Marsh and Ponds 7-North Florida Flatwoods IS-Salt Marsh 19-Mangrove Swamp 5-Mixed Hardwood and Pine 5-Mixed Hardwood and Pine 12-Wetland Hardwood Hammock 25-Freshwater Marsh and Ponds 22-Shrub Bog 25-Freshwater Marsh and Ponds PAGE 164 Soil Series Mapping Symbol Facevi1le Farmton Felda Felda, depressional Fellowship Flemington Florahome Florala Floridana variants and phases Fluvaquents Ft. Drum 12 Ecological Community 5-Mixed Hardwood and Pine 6-South Florida Flatwoods 12-Wetland Hardwood Hammocks 26-Slough 5-Freshwater Marsh and Ponds 17-Cypress Swamp II-Upland Hardwood Hammocks II-Upland Hardwood Hammocks II-Upland Hardwood Hammock 5-Mixed Hardwood Pines 7-North Florida Flatwoods l7-Cypress Swamp 2I-Swamp Hardwoods 25-Freshwater Marsh and Ponds l2-Wetland Hardwood Hammocks 8-Cabbage Palm Flatwoods PAGE 165 Soil Series Mapping Symbol Ft. Drum, thermic variant Ft. Green Ft. Meade Foxworth Freshwater Marsh Freshwater Swamp Fripp Fuquay Gainesville Galveston Garcon 13 Ecological Community 7-North Florida Flatwoods 12-Wetland Hardwood Hammock 15-0ak Hammock ll-Upland Hardwood Hammocks 4-Longleaf Pine-Turkey Oak Hills 5-Mixed Hardwood and Pine 25-Freshwater Marsh and Ponds 21-Swamp Hardwoods 2-North Florida Coastal Strand 5-Mixed Hardwood and Pine 4-Longleaf Pine-Turkey Oak Hills ll-Upland Hardwood Hammocks I-North Florida Coastal Strand 7-North Florida Flatwoods PAGE 166 Soil Series Mapping Symbol Gator Gentry Gilead Goldsboro Grady Greenville Gritney Gullied Land Gunter Hague Hague, thermic variant 14 Ecological Community 2l-Swamp Hardwoods 25-Freshwater Marsh and Ponds 17-Cypress Swamp 21-Swamp Hardwoods 25-Freshwater Marsh and Ponds 5-Mixed Hardwood and Pine 5-Mixed Hardwood and Pine 7-North Florida Flatwoods 17-Cypress Swamp 2l-Swamp Hardwoods 5-Mixed Hardwood and Pine 5-Mixed Hardwood and Pine N/A 5-Mixed Hardwood and Pine II-Upland Hardwood Hammocks 5-Mixed Hardwood and Pine II-Upland Hardwood Hammocks PAGE 167 Hallandale Hallandale, depressional Hallandale, slough Hallandale, tidal 6-South Florida Flatwoods 9-Everglades Flatwoods 25-Freshwater Marsh and Ponds 26-Slough IS-Salt Marsh 19-Mangrove Swamps ----.-----------------------------------.----.------.--'--Hallandale, thermic variant 7-North Florida Flatwoods Handsboro IS-Salt Marsh Hannahatchee 5-Mixed Hardwood and Pine ._-----_ .. _----------------------Heights 6-South Florida Flatwoods Hernando II-Upland Hardwood Hammocks Herod 12-Wetland Hardwood Hammocks Hobe 3-Sand Pine Scrub Hialeah 24-Sawgrass Marsh 15 PAGE 168 Soil Series Hilolo j Holopaw ,I Holopaw depressional Homosassa Mapping Symbol Ecological Community l3-Cabbage Palm Hammocks 12-Wetland Hardwood Hammocks 26-Slough 17-Cypress Swamps 25-Freshwater Marsh and Ponds 18-Salt Marsh -----------------------------------------------------------------------------J Hontoon Hornsville Huckabee Hurricane Hydraquents Iberia Ichetucknee 16 21-Swamp Hardwood 22-Shrub Bog 25-Freshwater Marsh and Ponds 5-Mixed Hardwood and Pine 4-Longleaf Pine-Turkey Oak Hills 4-Longleaf Pine-Turkey Oak Hills 19-Mangrove Swamps 21-Swamp Hardwoods 25-Freshwater Marsh and Ponds II-Upland Hardwood Hammocks PAGE 169 Soil Series v Immokalee V'Immokalee, thermic variant j Immokalee, depressional Irvington Isles Isles, depressional Isles, tidal Istokpoga Iuka soils, local alluvium Izagora Johns Johnston Mapping Symbol 17 6-South Florida Flatwoods 7-North Florida Flatwoods 25-Freshwater Marsh and Ponds 5-Mixed Hardwood and Pine 26-Slough l7-Cypress Swamp 25-Freshwater Marsh and Ponds 19-Mangrove Swamps 22-Shrub Bog 25-Freshwater Marsh and Ponds 5-Mixed Hardwood and Pine 5-Mixed Hardwood and Pine 5-Mixed Hardwood and Pine 21-Swamp Hardwoods PAGE 170 Jonathan Jonesville Jumper Jupiter Kaliga Kaliga variant (tidal) Kalmia Mapping Symbol Ecological Community 3-Sand Pine Scrub -------------------4-Longleaf Pine-Turkey Oak Hills II-Upland Hardwood Hammocks II-Upland Hardwood Hammocks l2-Wetland Hardwood Hammocks 2l-Swamp Hardwoods 2S-Freshwater Marsh and Ponds 19-Mangrove Swamp S-Mixed Hardwood and Pine Kanapaha Kenansville Kendrick Kenny 18 II-Upland Hardwood Hammocks IS-Oak Hammock S-Mixed Hardwood and Pine II-Upland Hardwood Hammocks 4-Longleaf Pine-Turkey Oak Hills PAGE 171 Soil Series Mapping Symbol Kershaw Kesson Kinston Klej Kureb Lacoochee Lake Lakeland Lakewood Lauderhill Lawnwood 19 Ecological Community 4-Longleaf Pine-Turkey Oak Hills 18-Salt Marsh 19-Mangrove Swamp 20-Bottomland Hardwoods 5-Mixed Hardwood and Pine 3-Sand Pine Scrub 18-Salt Marsh 4-Longleaf Pine-Turkey Oak Hills 4-Longleaf Pine-Turkey Oak Hills 3-Sand Pine Scrub 21-Swamp Hardwoods 25-Freshwater Marsh and Ponds 6-South Florida Flatwoods PAGE 172 Leaf Ledwith Leefield Leon Leon, ponded Local alluvial land, and local alluvial land, phosphatic Lochloosa Lokosee Loxahatchee Lucy Lumbee Mapping Symbol 20 Ecological Community 20-Bottomland Hardwoods 2S-Freshwater Marsh and Ponds S-Mixed Hardwood and Pine 7-North Florida Flatwoods 7-North Florida Flatwoods 2S-Freshwater Marsh and Ponds S-Mixed Hardwood and Pine II-Upland Hardwood Hammocks IS-Oak Hammocks 6-South Florida Flatwoods I2-Wetland Hardwood Hammocks 26-Slough 24-Sawgrass Marsh S-Mixed Hardwood and Pine 7-North Florida Flatwoods PAGE 173 Soil Series Mapping Symbol Lutterloh Lynchburg Lynee Lynn Haven Mabel Magnolia Malabar Malabar, depressional Malbis Manatee Mandarin Mangrove Swamp 21 Ecological Community 7-North Florida Flatwoods 5-Mixed Hardwood and Pine 7-North Florida Flatwoods 6-South Florida Flatwoods 7-North Florida Flatwoods II-Upland Hardwood Hammock 5-Mixed Hardwood and Pine 6-South Florida Flatwoods 26-Slough 25-Freshwater Marsh and Ponds 17-Cypress Swamp 5-Mixed Hardwood and Pine 21-Swamp Hardwoods 25-Freshwater Marsh and Ponds 3-Sand Pine Scrub 7-North Florida Flatwoods 19-Mangrove Swamps PAGE 174 Soil Series Mapping Symbol Mantachee Mantachee, overflow Margate Marlboro Martel Masaryk Mascotte Matlacha Matmon Maurepas Maxton 22 Eco lo.e;..}.cal COlllmunity 20-Bottomland Hardwoods 21-Swamp Hardwoods 22-Shrub Bog 16-Scrub Cypress 5-Mixed Hardwood and Pine 17-Cypress Swamp 4-Longleaf Pine-Turkey Oak Hills II-Upland Hardwood Hammock 7-North Florida Flatwoods Man Made 8-Cabbage Palm Flatwoods 12-Wetland Hardwood Hammocks Swamp 25-Freshwater Marsh and Ponds 5-Mixed Hardwood and Pine PAGE 175 Soil Series Meggett Meggett, hyperthermic variant Meggett, ponded Mckee Micanopy Micco Miccosukee .,/ Millhopper Montverde Monteocha Moultrie Mulat Mapping Symbol Ecological Community 7-North Florida Flatwoods 12-Wetland Hardwood Hammocks 6-South Florida Flatwoods 12-Wetland Hardwood Hammocks 2l-Swamp Hardwoods 19-Mangrove Swamps II-Upland Hardwood Hammocks 25-Freshwater Marsh and Ponds 5-Mixed Hardwood and Pine II-Upland Hardwood Hammocks 25-Freshwater Marsh and Ponds 17-Cypress Swamp IS-Salt Marsh 7-North Florida Flatwoods 23-Pitcher Plant Bog PAGE 176 Soil Series Mapping Symbol Myakka Myakka, depressional Myakka, tidal Myatt Narcoosee Nittaw Norfolk Nobleton Nettles Nettles, depressional Newhan Newnan 24 Ecological Community 6-South Florida Flatwoods 2S-Freshwater Marsh and Ponds IS-Salt Marsh 21-Swamp Hardwoods 6-South Florida Flatwoods IS-Oak Hammock 17-Cypress Swamp 21-Swamp Hardwoods 2S-Freshwater Marsh and Ponds S-Mixed Hardwood and Pine II-Upland Hardwood Hammocks IS-Oak Hammocks 6-South Florida Flatwoods 2S-Freshwater Marsh and Ponds I-North Florida Coastal Strand II-Upland Hardwood Hammocks PAGE 177 Soil Series Nittaw Nutall Ochopee Ocilla Ocilla, hyperthermic variant Ocoee Okeechobee Okeelanta Okeelanta variant (tidal) Okalwaha Oktibbeha Mapping Symbol 25 Ecological Community 2l-Swamp Hardwood l2-Wetland Hardwood Hammocks 24-Sawgrass Marsh 5-Mixed Hardwood and Pine 7-North Florida Flatwoods 6-South Florida Flatwoods 25-Freshwater Marsh and Ponds 25-Freshwater Marsh and Ponds 2l-Swamp Hardwoods 25-Freshwater Marsh and Ponds 19-Mangrove Swamp 21-Swamp Hardwoods 25-Freshwater Marsh and Ponds 5-Mixed Hardwood and Pine PAGE 178 Soil Series Mapping Symbol Oldsmar Oldsmar. aepres s iona 1 Oleno Olustee Ona Ona, depressional Orangeburg Orlando Orsino Ortega Osier 26 Ecological Community 6-South Florida Flatwoods 8-Cabbage Palm Flatwoods 25-Freshwater Marsh and Ponds 12-Wetland hardwood Hammock 7-North Florida Flatwoods 6-South Florida Flatwoods IO-Cutthroat Seeps 25-Freshwater Marsh and Ponds 5-Mixed Hardwood and Pine 4-Longleaf Pine-Turkey Oak Hills 3-Sand Pine Scrub 4-Longleaf Pine-Turkey Oak Hills 5-Mixed Hardwood and Pine 7-North Florida Flatwoods 21-Swamp Hardwoods PAGE 179 Soil Series Pactolus Pahokee Paisley Palm Beach Palmetto Palmetto, depressional Pamlico Pansey Pantego Pantego, ponded -/ Paola Mapping Symbol 27 Ecological Community S-Mixed Hardwood Pine IS-Oak Hammocks 24-Sawgrass Marsh 6-South Florida Flatwoods 12-Wetland hardwood Hammocks 2-South Florida Coastal Strand 6-South Florida Flatwoods 2S-Freshwater Marsh and Ponds 21-Swamp Hardwoods 7-North Florida Flatwoods 21-Swamp Hardwoods l7-Cypress Swamp 2S-Swamp Hardwoods 2S-Freshwater Marsh and Ponds 3-Sand Pine Scrub PAGE 180 Soil Series Parkwood Peckish Pedro Pelham Pelham, hyperthermic variant Pelham, ponded Pellicer Pendarvis Pennekamp Pennsuco Pennsuco, tidal Mapping Symbol 28 Ecological Community 12-Wetland hardwood Hammocks I3-Cabbage Palm Hammocks IS-Oak Hammocks 19-Mangrove Swamp II-Upland Hardwood Hammocks 7-North Florida Flatwoods 21-Swamp Hardwoods 6-South Florida Flatwoods 2I-Swamp Hardwoods 2S-Freshwater Marsh and Ponds I8-Salt Marsh 3-Sand Pine Scrub 14-Tropical Hammocks 2S-Freshwater Marsh and Ponds I9-Mangrove Swamp PAGE 181 Soil Series Mapping Symbol Pepper Perrine Perrine, variant (tidal) Pickney Pineda Pineda, depressional Pineda, thermic variant Pinellas Placid Plantation Plummer 29 Ecological Community 6-South Florida Flatwoods 25-Freshwater Marsh and Ponds 18-Salt Marsh 19-Mangrove Swamp 22-Shrub Bog 6-South Florida Flatwoods 26-Slough 25-Freshwater Marsh and Ponds l2-Wetland Hardwood Hammock 26-Slough 8-Cabbage Palm Flatwoods 17-Cypress Swamp 21-Swamp Hardwoods 25-Freshwater Marsh and Ponds 26-Slough 24-Sawgrass Marsh l2-Wetland Hardwood Hammock PAGE 182 Soil Series Mapping Symbol Pocomoke Pomello Pomnoa Pomona, thermic variant Pomona, depressional Pompano J Pompano, flooded Pompano, depressional Pompano, variant (tidal) Ponzer Pooler Popash 30 Ecological Community 2l-Swamp Hardwoods 3-Sand Pine Scrub 6-South Florida Flatwoods 7-North Florida Flatwoods l7-Cypress Swamp 25-Freshwater Marsh and Ponds 6-South Florida Flatwoods l2-Wetland Hardwood Hammocks 26-Slough l7-Cypress Swamp 2l-Swamp Hardwoods l7-Cypress Swamp 25-Freshwater Marsh and Ponds 19-Mangrove Swamp 2l-Swamp Hardwoods 20-Bottomland Hardwoods 25-Freshwater Marsh and Ponds PAGE 183 Soil Series Pople Portsmouth Potts burg Punta Rains Red Bay Redlevel Resota Ridgeland Ridgeland, ponded Riverview JRivl.era Mapping Symbol 31 Ecological Community 6-South Florida Flatwoods 26-Slough l2-Wetland Hardwood Hammocks 7-North Florida Flatwoods 6-South Florida Flatwoods 2l-Swamp Hardwoods 25-Freshwater Marsh and Ponds 5-Mixed Hardwood and Pine 6-South Florida Flatwoods 3-Sand Pine Scrub 7-North Florida Flatwoods l7-Cypress Swamp 25-Freshwater Marsh and Ponds 20-Bottomland Hardwoods 8-Cabbage Palm Flatwoods 12-Wetland Hardwood Hammock 26-Slough PAGE 184 Soil Series Mapping Symbol Riviera, depressional Robertsdale Rockdale Rockland Ruston Rut lege St. Augustine St. Johns St. Johns, thermic variant St. Johns, depressional St. Lucie 32 Ecological Community l6-Scrub Cypress l7-Cypress Swamps 2l-Cypress Hardwoods 25-Freshwater Marsh and Ponds 5-Mixed Hardwood and Pine 9-Everglades Flatwoods 24-Sawgrass Marsh 5-Mixed Hardwood and Pine l7-Cypress Swamp 2l-Swamp Hardwoods 22-Shrub Bog 23-Pitcher Plant Bog Man Made 6-South Florida Flatwoods lO-Cutthroat Seeps 7-North Florida Flatwoods 25-Freshwater Marsh and Ponds 3-Sand Pine Scrub PAGE 185 Soil Series Salerno / Samsula Sanibel Sapelo Satellite Savannah Sawyer Seffner Scoggin Scranton Seewee Symbol 33 Ecological Community 6-South Florida Flatwoods 17-Cypress Swamp 21-Swamp Hardwoods 22-Shrub Bog 25-Freshwater Marsh and Ponds 25-Freshwater Marsh and Ponds 7-North Florida Flatwoods 2-South Florida Coastal Strand 3-Sand Pine Scrub 5-Mixed Hardwood and Pine 5-Mixed Hardwood and Pine II-Upland hardwood Hammock 15-0ak Hammock 21-Swamp Hardwoods 25-Freshwater Marsh and Ponds 7-North Florida Flatwoods 12-Wetland Hardwood Hammock PAGE 186 Soil Series Mapping Symbol Sellers Shenks Shubuta Slickens and variants Smyrna Sparr Stilson Stockade Stough Submerged Marsh Sumterville Sunsweet 34 Ecological Community17-Cypress Swamp 25-Freshwater Marsh and Ponds 21-Swamp Hardwoods 25-Freshwater Marsh and Ponds 5-Mixed Hardwood and Pine 25-Freshwater Marsh and Ponds 6-South Florida Flatwoods II-Upland Hardwood Hammocks 5-Mixed Hardwood and Pine 2I-Swamp Hardwoods 5-Mixed Hardwood and Pine 25-Freshwater Marsh and Ponds II-Upland Hardwood Hammock 15-0ak Hammock 5-Mixed Hardwood and Pine PAGE 187 Soil Series Mapping Symbol Surrency Susanna Susquehanna Swamp Talquin Tantile Tarrytown Tavares Tequesta Terra Ceia Terra Ceia, tidal 35 Ecological Community 17-Cypress Swamp 21-Swamp Hardwoods 6-South Florida Flatwoods 5-Mixed Hardwood and Pine 21-Swamp Hardwoods 7-North Florida Flatwoods 6-South Florida Flatwoods II-Upland Hardwood Hammock 15-0ak Hammock 4-Longleaf Pine-Turkey Oak Hills 15-0ak Hammocks 25-Freshwater Marsh and Ponds 21-Swamp Hardwoods 25-Freshwater Marsh and Ponds IS-Salt Marsh 19-Mangrove Swamps PAGE 188 Soil Series Tifton Tisonia Tocoi Tomoka Tooles Torry Troup Turnbull Tuscawilla Typic fluvaquents Valkaria Valkaria, depressional Map_ping Symbol 36 Ecological Community 5-Mixed Hardwood and Pine 18-Salt Marsh 6-South Florida Flatwoods 21-Swamp Hardwoods 25-Freshwater Marsh and Ponds 12-Wetland Hardwood Hammock 25-Freshwater Marsh and Ponds 4-Longleaf Pine-Turkey Oak Hills 18-Salt Marsh 12-Wetland Hardwood Hammocks 21-Swamp Hardwoods 26-Slough 25-Freshwater Marsh and Ponds PAGE 189 Soil Series Vaucluse, hyperthermic variant Vero Vero, depressional Wabasso Wabasso, depressional Wabasso, thermic variant Wacahoota Wagram Wahee Wakulla Wauberg Wauchula Mapping Symbol 37 Ecological Community II-Upland Hardwood Hammocks 6-South Florida Flatwoods 25-Freshwater Marsh and Ponds 6-South Florida Flatwoods 12-Wetland Hardwood Hammock 26-Slough 25-Freshwater Marsh and Ponds 7-North Florida Flatwoods II-Upland Hardwood Hammocks 5-Mixed Hardwood and Pine 20-Bottomland Hardwoods 5-Mixed Hardwood and Pine 25-Freshwater Marsh and Ponds 6-South Florida Flatwoods 26-Slough PAGE 190 Soil Series Wauchula, depressional Waveland Waveland, depressional Weekiwachee Welaka Wesconnett Weston, dark subsoil variant Wicks burg Williston Winder Winder, depressional Wulfert Mapping Symbol 38 Ecological Community 25-Freshwater Marsh and Ponds 6-South Florida Flatwoods 25-Freshwater Marsh and Ponds 18-Salt Marsh 3-Sand Pine Scrub 21-Swamp Hardwoods 12-Wetland Hardwood Hammocks 5-Mixed Hardwood and Pine II-Upland Hardwood Hammocks 13-Cabbage Palm Hammocks 26-Slough 25-Freshwater Marsh and Ponds 19-Mangrove Swamp PAGE 191 Soil Series Mapping Symbol Yemassee Younges Yulee Zephyr Zolfo Zuber 39 Ecological Community 5-Mixed Hardwood and Pine 12-Wetland Hardwood Hammocks 21-Swamp Hardwoods 17-Cypress Swamps 2S-Freshwater Marsh and Ponds II-Upland Hardwood Hammocks IS-Oak Hammock II-Upland Hardwood Hammocks PAGE 193 APPENDIX B ECOLOGICAL COMMUNITY PLANT TABLES PAGE 194 These tables are a listing of plants by ecological community occurrence. The tables are divided into Grasses, Grasslikes, Vines, Herbaceous, Shrubs, and Trees. The tables were prepared by drawing from plant range and site descriptions in a number of botantical references and from field knowledge of the Florida SCS plant scientists. The tables are intended only as a guide-obviously all plants occurring in Florida are not listed, and even those that are might occur in communities in addition to those shown. The tables can be expanded as additional knowledge is gained. The tables show regional occurrence within the state (see Climatic Zones map). This becomes important when a community occurs in all three climatic zones, but a particular species is found in only certain areas. An example of this would be Tracy b1uestem, Andropogon tracyi, which is found in the Longleaf Pine-Turkey Oak community only in the Florida panhandle; the table indicates that this species would not be found in the Central or South zones. The term "characterizing" as used in these tables indicates that this particular species so commonly occurs in a community that you would expect to see it there at most locations supporting that community. i PAGE 195 , ECDlD9ical Co Tabl. Fi 1.: Gra blue _aid.ncen. AndrQPoqon cabanis AndroPoQon capjlljp -Florida qlQ ... ha:i ... Andropoqon Blu teN -fin.J B I __ N Andp"'opoqon vir.inicus vap"'. qJaucopai. Blu -purpl. Th ..... awn Thr awn biq Ari.-tida 41",,"n. Th,. awn cork.c,..w pa'tuJa Threaawn Th,...as:-tn Ar i sot i da ,...h i zo,.lophora -Florida Ar H C S S H C S H C S N C S N C S N C N N C S N C S H C N C S C S N C S N C C S N C S N C S N C S N C S I I I I I I I I I I 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 I 234 5 6 7 a G I 234 5 6 7 a G I 2 3 4 5 6 ----------------------------------------------------1+1+1 1 1+1_$+1-1-1 1+1+1 1 1+1+1 1 1+1+1+1+1 1+1_1 ----------------------------------------------------1+1+1 1 1 1 1 1 1+1+1 1+1 1 1 1+1+1 1 1+1+1 1 1+1+1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Ill! 1+1 1 1 1 1 1 1+1+1 1 1+1+1 1 1+1+1 1 1 1 1 1+1+ 1 I\;!:II 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ------------7Y-------------------------------------,+I+,+I+I.'+I.!II+I+,+,+I+,+, 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1+1 ----------------------------------------------------1 1 1 1 1 1+1+lo 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1+1 ____________ l..Z._. _____________________________________ 1 1 1 1+1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1+1+11 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1+1 1 1 1 1 1 1+1+1 1 1 1 1+1+1 1+1+1 L 1 1+1+ 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1+ 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1+1 .+1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 I-In"tp"'oduced PAGE 196 ,. Tabl. Fi le: Gra (2) Thraeowo -Pin.land Arundln6rl. A,.. .... ndo donAx Giant ..... ( I ) Axonopus affini. CONNon ( J ) Axonopy. co.pr u. Coftfton ( I ) Axonopys Biq Mar.h (J ) Bracnarta purpur c.n. P&r&qrass C.nchrua Sl.nd.,.. ndbur C.nc:hru. SPp. Sandhur Juxu,. Spike ",nioJa Lonql.af" uniola Co.lorachi. ruqa ,Join"t'tAil Cteniulil Toot-hac:h ra C ... nodon dac"t'4lon B.'-lDudaq,..,a ( ] ) Crowf'oo"t qr Danthonia s.ric.& Do .... dan"thonia acicu)ane Par.icum needl.l.af' dicho-toNum Pan i cur.,-f'ork.d naila]1ulII crictif'oliuM i A,.. C S C S C S C S C S S C S N C S N C S N C N C S C S N C S N C 5 N C N C S N C 5 N C S N C S I I I t I I I t I 122 2 2 222 I 2 3 4 5 eel' t 2 3 4 5 C 7 I , I 2 3 4 5 6 I I 1+1+1+1---1+1+1+1 1 1 I I I 1 I I 1+'" I 1+1 ------------I I I I 1+1 I I : J 1+1+; I I 1+1+1 I 1+1+1 ; ; 1+: ; I I 1 1 1 I I I I I I I 1 1 I I I I 1+1+1 I I 1+1 ----------------------------------------------------I + I + I I I I +ffi+ I + I + 1 I I I I I I I I I I I 1 I I + 1+: --------------------------------------1+1+1 I I 1+ + +1+1+1 1 I I I 1 1 I I 1 I I I I 1+1+1 ------------------------------------------------I 1 1 I 1 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 1+1+1 ----------------------------------------------------I I I I I 1+1;'. I I I I I I I I 1 I i I I I I I I I I ____________ l:L _____________________________________ 1+1 I 1+1 I I I I I I I I I I I I I Iii I I I II I 1-1-. I I : I I I 1 I I I I II I I I I I I I I I, I I I I I_I I I I I 1+1+1+I+ffl I I I 1+1+1 I I I I I I I I I I_I I I I I 1+1_1+1+"" I I I I I I I I I I I .... .... --...;. ----------------------------------------------------1+1+1 I I I I I I I I I I I I I II I I",rl I I I I I : : : I : : I : : : I : +: I : : +:+: : : : : +: +: : +: +: I-In-tr'"oducad PAGE 197 ,. Ecoloqical Co Tabl. File: Gra Panicu .. li"t-tl. Crabqr4&5 Dlq1"tarla Yilla.a Barn"ard qr El.uain. indica Goo qra .. v. vjrqin1cua Virqinta wildr'le (1) BalsaM.cal. -Pan A rlcan cojdea (2) Bal.a ... cal. Eraqroa"tia Loyaq,.a Lov.qra -co Eraqras-tt. sp.c-tabilt. Loveqra purple Loveqra Sanibel alap.curold Silyar plu qra Er i 0& nU ... ... LiIi michauxii Cupgr ass 1'::'.Jc3 Chloris-s"tifl.af A,. N S N C S N C N C S N C S N C S N C N C S N C S N C S C S N C S N C 5 S C S N C 5 N C S C S N C S N C S S-Sou1:h SSSSSS1111ZZZZZZZ 1 2 3 4 5 6 A II S 2 3 4 5 6 7 a 9 12 3 4 5 6 1+1+1 1+1+1 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 1+1 I I I I I I I I 1 I I I I I I I I I I I I I ----------------------------------------------------1+ 1+1 I I I I I I' I I I I I I I I I_I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 1 1+1+1 I 1+/+1 1 1+1+1 I 1+ 1+1 I 1 I I I / I / I I I + I I 1 I I 1 1 I I 1 I I ----------------------------------------------------1 I I I 1+1 I I 1 I 1+1+1 1 I 1 1 1+1 1 1 I 1 I 1 I I I 1 1 1+41+1 1 I I 1 1 I 1 I I I I 1 / I 1 1 1 I 1 I I I 1+1 1+I+f.;'I I I I 1 I 1 I I 1+1+1 I I I 1 + 1 I + I 1+/ I 1 +I 1+ 1 +tiI. 1 1 I I I I 1 I 1 I + I I 1+1 I I / I I 1 / 1+1 1 1 I I I I I 1+1 1 I / 1 I 1 1 I I I 1 1 1 I I I 1 I I I I I I I I 1 I I I 1 1 I I I 1 1+1+1 I 1 I I 1 1 I I 1 I I I I 1 I I I I I I I 1 I 1+ I 1 I I I "+1 I I 1 I 1 /-1+1 I I 1 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 1+1 I I 1+1 1 1-1+ I I I I I I : I : I : : : : I I 1+1+1 :+: 1+1 : :+1+1 : I I : I I I I ,.,., I r 1+1+ + :+1 : : I : I"': :+: : ----------------------1+1+: 1+1 I I :.1+1 I : ,.,+ +: 1 I : : I I : : : I : -------------------------------------------------I-In"troducad \ PAGE 198 ,. EcolQ9iCai Tabl. Fi Ie: G,... biquu. (1) Baardad 9r a.bi9uua (Z) Sk.la'tonqra carolin.n.i. Southern La.iact. dtvarica-ta 51'11a11 cana L ,..la haxandr. Cut'll"" L r.ta vtrqinica It't'teralt. (1) 5ho ..... q .... a Monan'thochlo. (Z) ........ Muhl.nb.,...qta capllla,...,. HaJ .... awn Muhl.nb ...... t. v.,... Gulf' "uhlanb.,...i. Cy"tov.,.. Cu"t"tn,..o.'tq,.. Panic",. ,..d'to. Pan j cu .. aqroa'to t d . alonQa"tu. Panicu,.-purpl. Panic", .... aru. Pa.,, "cu. bl't't"ar Panicu .. ancap3 PaniC:UM nat,.", HaidenC4na PaniCUM lonqifolju. lonql Pan i t.le. x i QUill Pan i 0:' ... 1\1 re;::cr.=; T orpe:dOqra5. ( 1 ) Ar H C H C S C S H C S H C S H C S H C 5 H C S C S C S N C C S H C S H C S H C S H C S N C 5 N C 5 C S H C S i::: \ +-Occurs N-North C-Can-tral S-Sou'th t t t t t t t t t t 2 2 2 2 222 t 234 5 7 a 9 e t 234 5 7 a 9 e I 2 3 4 5 6 I I HI+I+I 1 1 1 1 1+1 1 1 I 1 1 I I I I I I I I I I --------------------------------------------------I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 1+1+1 I I 1+1 I I 1+1 I 1+1+1 I I I I I 1 I I I I 1+1 1+1 I I I I I I I 1+1 I I I I I I I 1 I I I I I I I I I_I +1 I I I I I I I_I I ------------N-------------------------------------I I I I 1+1+ + I I I 1+1 I I I I I I I 1+1 I I I I I --------------------------------------------------I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 1_1+1.1 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 1_1+1 I I I I I I I ------------E',-------------------------------------I I I I I I + +1+1 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I -----------------------------------------------I I I I I I I 1+1+1 I I I 1+1 1+1+1 1 1 I I I_I 1+1 I ------------B--------------------------------------I I I 1+1+1 +1 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 1+1 I I I ---------------------------------------------------I I I I I I I I I I-I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I --------------------------------------------------I I I I 1 1+ 1+11 I I + I I I I I I + I + I I I I H+ I + I + I + I I ____________ JJ _________________________ ____________ I I I I I I 1+1 I I I I 1+1+1 I I I+HI+I+I+I I 1-1-1 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 1 1 1 I J : i : 1 1+1 : I : I I : I : : :+H: 1+:"': : I 1+1+1+1 I : 1 I f 1( :+1+:+: : I 1 I : : 1 : : : : 1+1+1 I I I I I I I I I : : : :+:+: : : : : : : :+:+: l-ln-troducad PAGE 199 ,. Eeolo.tcal Tabl. F t 1e: Gr ".nle ... e a .. p. Pa" cu. low Planteu. -ten.rue Panicu. verruco.",e Panic",. P.nic",. vir "'",. Swi"tchqr conJu.a"tu. Paspal..., .. -.ou,.. ".spal", .. flortda"",. Paspal", .. wa't.,. PaspaluM 4e,...t""1:",. paludiva.ue Pa.palu .. Paspahol. qt.a""'e",. Pa.palu .. qian't P pal",e Paspal",e -qulfdun. Pa.p.lue Paspalu .. 'thin Plaspal",e -t.e.",. ClJ Pa.palu.-,.inq.laaf Pa.palue .P ... Pa .... lu. law P palue u,..villal V" ...... Cilr" ( Il Paspal ... :D .... aqina'tu .. Pa.palull - kor. .. N-3p i 'Zrqra (I ) C.:J::' . reed (1) Rd-toC'p ( ] ) f2) Na"t .'llgras.:;; (1) a,.. N C N C S N C S N C S C S N C C S H C S H C S S H C S N C S H C is N C S H C S H C S H C S H C S H C S H C S S-Sau:th I I I I I I I I I I 222 Z 2 2 2 I 2 :J 4 .,. I 2 3 4 S II 7 I 2 3 4 5 G .-.-.-,.,-,---,-,+ -,-,-,-.+.+.+,+.+.+,+.+. ,+,-. ---------------------------------------------_._----, , , ,+,-1+, I I , I , , +.+1 1 1+, I .+ I , , I , ii, I , I 1+' ----------------------------------------------------, , , I +1+1 I I .+,. 1+'+" I I I '+'+'+1+' I+J.:tII+'+'+' .+. I i , I 1+' 1 1 I I I .+'+' . I I '+1+1 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I J : : I : : : : : I 1+1 I : 1+1+1 : : 1+1 I : :+1 : 1 1 1+1+' I 1 : I : 1 I I : : I I : : I : I +:+: I I I : : I I I I I I I : I : : I : : I : : 1 I n'traduced PAGE 200 , Ecalo.lcal Co unl-t.., Tabl, Fil.: G,..a Sacciolepi A rican cup.cal. ar,-ti.u. Blu -t -q..,lf" S.-t.,.. a .. alilna br'c-tl.qra Sa'tar,a .PP. ]qr Sor.k nu-tan. Ind'.n .. ,.. ..cundu. LoPSld.d 'ndl.nqr .and Cordq,.. ba. Sp.r-tina .pa,..-t'n Co,..dqr .ulf" Spanopho)l. W.dc;JRq,. Span'opho) S. ob"tu.a"t. Prari. w.d ,.. Sporobolus cur-ti li CUI"'-ti s drops.ad F ,lc:'""ida drop d Sporobolus juncua drops d (J) J e d drop d A,.. C C S C S C S C S C S C S H C S C S H C S H C S H C S C C S C S C S H C S H C S H C S t t t t t t t t t 2 2 2 2 2 2 t 2 3 4 7 S g I 234 5 7 a 9 g t 2 3 4 5 S I I I I I I I I I I I I I II I I 1 I I I I I I 1+ I I ----------------------:----------,--------------------I_I I I I I I I I I I t I I 1 1 1 I 1 1 1 I I 1 1 1 I+I+I+I+I+I+IAI+I 1+1+1 1+1+1+1 I 1+1 I I I 1+1 1+1+1 ____________ J1 ________________________________ _____ I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 1+1+1 I 1+1+1 I I 1+1 I --------------------------------------------------1+1+1 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 1+1 ---------------------. ----------------------------I I 1_1_1+1+ +1 I 1+1+1+1 I_I I I I I I I I I I I I -----------I I I + I + I + ,_ _I + I I I I + I I I I I I I I I I I I 1 1 -------------... ---I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I_I I I I I 1+1 1 1 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 1+1_1 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 1-1+1 I I 1 1+1 I I 1_1_1 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I ,_ r_1 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 1_1+1 I I I I I I I 1 I 1+1+1 I ; I I I 1 I I I I I I I I 1 I I I I I I I I I I I+I+I+AI I I 1 I I I 1 1 I 1 I I I I I I I I ____________ JJ _____ __________________________ ______ I I I I_I+I+A; I 1 1+1+1 I I I I I I 1 I I I I I I 1 ____________ JJ _____________________________________ 1 I I 1+I+oGI.l+1 I 1 1+1 I I I 1 I I I I I I : I I I 1 .... ------.... -----1 I 1+1_1 1+.t.i\1 1 1 1 1 I I 1 I I I 1 1 I I I I I 1 1 -----_______ lJ ______________________________________ 1 + 1 + 1 I I + I + ; 1 1 +: 1 ; ; 1 I 1 1 I ; ; 1 1 1 I 1 I +[+1 I I I I I I 1 1 I I I I I 1 1+ I +1 I I I 1 1 ; I I PAGE 201 ,. Ecol09ical Co F J.: Gr .. or."ol". vtr9''' .G''. S dr S-t.fto ...... hr .... cunda ... ". ,.. (J) 51:i ... 6venac.. Black d n dl ra Trid.n. flav\.i. P .... "..pl.1-QP PcrEnni41 nd.,.. q ...... q,.. rloridan""$ Uniold panicu)a-ta miJiaGea Gi&n'"t c\,I"tq,.. +-Occurs ..... Ii c .. C H C H c: H c: C S 5 C S c: S S-Sou'th H ... ... , I 1,1 1 I I I t I Z Z Z Z Z :I I Z :I 4 I I 7 12 3 4 5 I 1+1+", 'I , I J I I ,a, I 1 I J I J 1 .. -.. ------------------------_.----------------------_ ... _--1+,+1 I I , I I I I i 1 , III I I 1.' i .. -----------... --. I I 1+ 1+1+1 I I I I 1+1 .I I I I I I J I I. I 1 I I II ... -.-----------I 1 I I 1+1 1 I I 11+1+1 I 1+11. 1 I 1+1 I I I I II ---------.... ... '---.;-... I 1 1+1+1 II I I I 1 I 1 I 1 I I I I I I II (II I ---... ... I I J I 1+1 I 1+1 I 1+1+1+1+1 1+1:" I 1+1 I I I 1+: I --."'!"-----------------.------------: '---.... -I I 11 I II I 1+: II I I I I I I 1 I I II I : : 1 ... --... ......... ------1-1-1 I I I I I I I I I II I I J '11tll III I : ---.-----------... .... ---"'!"-----_. I I I I I I II l 1 1 : 1 ,11 1 -+IHi! i..j.llll+: : ... ... ... ..... 7 PAGE 202 ,. ..... ...-.. E_ ....... T .... ,..I.t "" I.Ir ."I .. .... U .... ,. ..... ... "e,.p .... lbo." .. 1 t. I.,. H ...... C.,..x . C.,.,e d CI.d,,,. J ie .... S ........ .... u. ..... ". A" ............ C .... eul.,,"". T.l Jow .... 't' ...... C ......... ...... r.'t''''. F '1 4 C ....... .... ,,,,,4\018 fI",. .. la .. ..... 4 C ....... .., ....... Fla1 4 Dt .. h ... ... a.l.r .... S't'a .. -.. ".h eh ..... ". ....... "' Wh -.0 ... ".t--. Dul'chl..,. a""''''''''.ca,* Sh h..d- '." E och ........ 5.lka .. ".'" ,. br ........... ,. ... d f"'".h ""'''.'' ...... vi t. Sh.,.. ........ \M ..... IJ ....... ,." .... clr.old U_b ... J I ....... ,,,, .... ,, U.kol"'.ll ........ .Ju"e'''. .t,,, ..,. .sof"t ... u.h .. N C S N C C S C S N C S C S N C I C C S N C S C S C N C S C S C S C S N C S C !I t IIIII ttl 12222222 t 2:J C7 12:J.SC7 12:J.SC I I I ,., I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I -------------------------------------------------I I I I ,., I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 1+1 I I I I ,.,+,. I ... --------------I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 1+1+1 I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 1+1+1 I I I I I 1+1 I I 1+1 I I I 1 I I I I I :+1 I I 1+,., : : ; : I J J : : r : I : : : I 1 I : I : I ; ;_:+:+1 PAGE 203 , Eeet lcal C v ..... Teatle ,.. le2 el.k Jwftcv. aJ.ck ft .)""cu . I'tv.h L"..,d a .... Ro 't.e ( 0" ,.. .... .. tcu).'t. Ho .. ".d b.ak,.",at\ "",";ftchoa1tor. 1'a.:.C").,,le Co.eoft ...... ,..v .... ""'",,,ctw. or. '1.,1'0) ,. Th ..... d .... k ... ".h ""' .... "ch_.or ,..a"., I 1It"''\oIftcho o,.. .,. k,.ueh "h"ftcho ora t,.ae". S'tra-IP.d Ie: t "."a ,. t caft". Se t:'_V. ca) t f'ora-... CU. Giant Se. ,...v. c"' ..... "",a Woo I.,.... 'n,) ,."' ..... S";,,..,, ..... v.t ... Sa a 1' ...... '" ro".'" Sci,.." ,,_ I"J,.".h Sel,. .. u. ye. ith ... So,,,.,, '",I .. uah Scol .... '. eila". Scl.,..ia c ..... lan .. LI't'tI. ,. 'O,. d ... ,..t'cul .... '. A".",,,,.. ....aa ..... d "" .. N C S N C S C N C S N C S N C S N C 5 N C N C S N N C S N C S C S N C S C S N C S N C C N C ttilltllll!r!!!zz 1 r :I 5 II 7 S I Z :I S Ii 7 as. I z :I 4 !I Ii I I 1 r I I I 1 I I I 1 1 I 1 I 1 lal I I I I I, I I I I I I I 1+1 I I I I 1+1+1 I I I I I I I I I 1+1+1+1+1 I I 1+1+1 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 1 1 I I 1 1 I I I I 1+1 I I I I I 1+1 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 1+1 I I I I I i+I+I+1 ---------------------. -------.. ---------------------1 I I I I 1+0. I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I -----------I I I : I 1+ I I I I I I I I I I I I I I. I I I I I I I I 1+1+1 I I I I I I 1+1 I I I I I I 1+1+1 I I I II I I I : I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 1+1+ .1+1 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 1 I I 1+ I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 1+1 1 I 1 1 1 I 1 1 I I I I I I I I 1 I I 1 1 1 I 1+1+1+1 1 1+1 I 1 1+1 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 1 I I I 1 I 1+1 I I I 1 1+1 1 1 I 1 1 I 1 I 1 I I I I I I I I I I I 1 : ... 9 PAGE 204 Ea.I ..... 1 C ... "" .." Taftl. ".1.. Gro 1 Hr Sc:I.ro PI..,1:-,.v.h Sed.,., (2) SJo".h ..... Selc ... t6 .,. ...... lo:-"' ..... ta (Z) SJo.., .......... r .. X.,. ... t ...... Ycllo.-.".d .,. . t I .. I I I II I I II I I I I I "',.... 1 I 3 S 7 11.3 I. 7 e. I Z :I I C C S I I I 1+1+1+1+1+1+1+1+1+1 I 1+1+1+1 I I 1+1 1 +1 I 1+1 C S I I I 1+1+1+1+1+1+1+1+1 I I 1+1+1+1 I I 1+1 1+1 I 1+1 I I ; I 1+1 I 1 I 1 .1+1+. : I 1 .,'-.: : I : J : I ::.: PI t S I 1 I I 1 1+1+1+1+1+11 1 1 1 1+1+' I I 1+1 1+ 1 :+:.-1 ...---------.. ----.. -------.--.. -.. ..... .. -.. ---.... ---... J .. J n'trood .... c ad .. 10 PAGE 205 ,. Ecala.tcal Tabl. Fil.: Tr Aca.sa Tap \rindl11o Ac.,.. n ...... ndo Box .ld.,.. Ac.,.. rubr .... ,. H.pl. -R.d Ac.,., H&Fll. Silve,.. Ace,.. 'loradan ..... a"' '" .a.l. P.l,. A cul ........ vi. R.d kiyc;Ie ...... AInu Hazel ald.,.. A I.nchi.,.. .,.,bo,.. ,..vic.b.,..,.. .... Annan ab,..a Pond appl. Aralia evl1#s-WaJkin9 A.a.ina otraJoba Pawpaw -Co .... on Avicenn' r.lnafts Hanqrov. Blacle B.-tul. ni.,... Ri ..... ,.. bi,..ch lu li6 cel otrin. Saf'f"ron p]u. BU8aJ1A lan",qlno G"'''IIi bu ... l:l. I", ... lia l .... E H ,le 1 i a Touflh !urse,-.:l stMaruba Gurnbo-Lirabo B .... ,-sonjma lucida Locustba,..,.. .... i =: l no:; +-Occu,... N-Hor'th C-C.n'tral A,. S N C N C S N N C S N C N C N 5 N C S N C S N C C S N C N C N C S N C S S-S.,u",," t t t t t t t ttl Z Z Z Z Z 2 Z t Z 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 t Z 3 4 5 I 7 8 J 2 3 4 5 I I I II I I I I I I I J 1+' I I 1+1 I I / I I / I I I / / /+1 I / I / 1+/ / 1 I I I I I 1+1+1 I I I I I I I I I 1+1 I I I I 1+,., I I I I-I I ,+1.,+1+, 1 i 1 I I I I I I / I I I I I I I I I I I 1 1+1 I I 1 I I 1 I I I I /+1 11, 1 I 1+1 I I 1 1 I I I II I I I 1 I I I I I I / I I I I I I I I 1+1 I / / I I I I I I I I I II 1 I 1+1 I I I I 1+1 .I I I I I I I I I I I I 1 I I I I I I I I I I 1 I I I I I I I 1 I I 1+1+1 I I I I I I I I I /+1 I / I I I I 1 I I I I I I 1+1+1 / I I I I I I I I I I I I + I I / I + I 1 + I 1+1'+ 1 I + I 1+ t I I I I I ______ M ___________________________________________ I I / I I I 1+1 I I 1+1+1 I 1 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 1.1+1 I I I I 1+1 I I I I I I I 1+1 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 1 I I I 1 1 I I '.,+1 I I I I I I 1+1 II II I 1+1 I I I 1+1 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 1+1 I 1 I I I I I I 1 I I I I I 1 1 / / I I I / I I 1 I 1+1 I I I I I I 1+ I I I I 1 I 1 1+1 1+1 1 I I I I 1 I I I I I I I 1 1 I I I 1 II I I I 1 I I I 1 : I I 1 1 ,. 1+1.' 1 I I I : I : I I : 1 I ---!""--------------------------.--------------------I I 1 I I I 1 I 1+1 1 1 I 1+1 1 1 I I 1 I : I I : I 1 PAGE 206 ,. Ecolo, .. c.ICo .... .. T.bl. FiI.: T,. C.,.lc .... ... ,..P .... C ..... ,"w ....... 1." ". C'I) A_,a,..' c."ho,." ..... C.,..in .... ca ... ol ,,, ..... ( 2) leech II ... C.,.. ....... ",.'tlc. Wa't'.,. f 1 Dr' ctana-... S.rub C.,. .... 1.10,.. Hackor'W nu"t C.r..... 'to ,,'to Nickor,.. C lnltoll. Chln"u ... ln Flo,.ld. C "tan Cha",..uaPln C ,..u' Au.'t,.altan C J) I YI (I) Su ...... D.,.,.." I v' (Zl H .. akb.,..,. ... oca ... .. u.h cawed .... '. R.dbud Carey. ,.obintl T,... cac'tu. Ch A"-tJan'tic whl"te ceda,. vlrqintcu. Fringe"t,. Florida fiddl.wood 1( .... n .... (I) C:I "trY$" !lul""an"t 1 Yin Sou,.. oran..C ] ) ..... C C S C S C S C H C H C C S H C S He s H C S H C H C S S S S S-Sou*h C ..... n' ............ ,. t , I I . t I a a 2 Z 2 2 1.3. S 7 t a 3. S 87. 2 34 S 8 I I I 1 I II I I I I 1 I 1+1 I I I I I I 1 I I I I I ------------------------------------------.... I I I I 1+1 1 1 I I 1-1+11 I I I I I I-I I I I I I I -----------------------------.----------------------I I I I 1+1 I I I I 1_1+1 I I I Ii,., I I I I I ----------------------------------------------------I I I I I II I I I I 1+1 I I I I I I I_I+'I I I I I I I I 1+1 I I I I I I I I I I I I I i tl i I I I I I I I I 1+1 I_I I I I I '-I I I I I I I I I I 1 I I I I I I I I II I I I I I I I I 1+1 I I I II II I I II I I I I II I I I I II I I I I I I II 1+1+1+1 I I I I I I I I .1+11+1 I I I+\+i I I I I I 11+1 1 I I I I I I 1+1 I. I I I I I I I I I 1+1 I 1 I I 1 I I 1 1 I 1 I : I I I I I 1 I I I I 1 f+I+1 1 1 I : I I 1 I I I : I 1 I I 1 I I : 1 + I : I + I + 1 + 1 + 1+ I I I I I I I I 1 I I I PAGE 207 ,. Ecaloqlcal Ca Table Fi Je,: Tr el) B""'ckw"' ... 't-'tr (2) Black Coccoloba dlv.r.'ol'& Caccoloba S.a q ... a:P. .... S, Iv.,.. pal. Coco. nucif'.,..a Coconutpal. C J ) Colubrina .rbor c.n. colubrtna Co)ubrina cubens's Cuba co)"brlria Colubrina .lllp'tica So 1 d i .rwoad_ ConQcarpus Cardia b tena G.I.a,.. 'tr Cornu. al'tern,rol.a Do .. _od Pa.oda Cornu. dru ondli Doqwood Rou.hJ Co,.nu. Do.wood -F J-ow.r' n. Cornua #"o 'n. Doqwood Cra-taeqys sPPo Waw-tho,.." Cup&.ni4 Florida: o!iyif'cr Sa"t"tnl-&f" E'..J::>t'ic Willow Ar N C S C S 5 S S S S N C S S N C C S N C S S S N C S S S-South t t t t t t t t t t zz z 2 2 2 2 t Z 3 4 5 5 7 as. t Z 3 4 S 5 7 S tZ3 4 5 S I II 1 1 I i I I I I t I I I I I I I 1:tl+I+1 I II I I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 1+1+1+1 I I I I I HI I I I I I I I I I 1+,., I I I I I I I II I i. I .... ---------.-----;.;;.. -I 1+1 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 1 I I I I I I I I ----------------------------------------------------... ;--I I I I II I I It I I 1 I + I + I 'II 1 I I I II I I I. I I 1.1 I I I I I I I I I I I I I 1 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 1 I 1+1 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 1+1 I I I I I I i I I I J I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 1+1 I I I I I I I I I I I I I 1+1 I I I I I 1+1 I I I I I I 1+1+'.'. J I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 1+1 I 1+1 I I I II I I I I I I I --------.... -----.... -------------r----------------........ ---_ -, I I I I 1+1 I I I I I I I I I I II 1+1 I I II J I . I I I I I I I I I I I 1+1 I I 1 1 I I 1+1+1 I I I I I I I I I 1.1 I I I 1.1+1 I ' I I I I ,.1 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 1+1 I I I I I I HI+I I I I I I .... I I I I I I I I I I I I I 1+1 I I I, I I I I I I I I I ( I ;1 J II I 1+1 : I 1+(+: J I 1-( : : ; I I I I : I I 1+1+'''+1+1 I I 1+1+1 I 1+1 I II ,.,+' I I I I I -------_ ... _--...,..---"-----------.... ----------------------I I I I I II I 1+1 I I I 1+11 I I I I I 1 1 I I I I I-tn"traduc.d ...... PAGE 208 E,,010.I,,61 CO "ftlt" T6 .. 1. F, Tr "'" 1: 16t.,.I1'10,.. G"'.na-plw. E ...... "th ..... ". herb.c Cora 1 b.an So",'th 1:.rn f", n .... xj,Jl .... '. 5"toppc'" Wh-S't"a E"" nla 'oe.ld. S'tOFlP.'" loxl f" Eu ,,' .. rho.b ... Stopp,.,. .... R.d [xo"'th . p&nlCula"ta l.nkwood 9randtf'ol.a A ... ric;an b c:h Flcys auraa St,..n .. I.,. no I"IC". c 11:,. I 1'01 I., ( S) 5ho,.1:I t tlo I"IG". ,,11:,.11'0116 Wtld.ba,,;'oft "t,.. "rai_I""" "':Ici .... Whl1:., h f'r-axtnu.' G .... alln' .... . .... C.,..o l in. .h F ..... t "..;:.. Gr n h ,.,...x I"u. IDrof"unda h Gentp. chI 'f.olla S.y.n. __ appl. 4l .. ua11"c::& .... a.-t.,.. lacu8-t Ga,..donia la.lan"'thu. Labloll" ba" G\Ja i aeurtl aanc;i:u .. Liqrtu,mvt-ta. Rouqhbark i,..a d i:a::col or B)o))" Lonqlea.'f Gue:-t-tll.r-d s scab!""'a Rouoghlc4f" v.l.-t d C ..... , II I, ., 2 Z I I I AiO.. ,a =-4 II 7 IS. I I=-. II 7. S I 3. 5 6 I II' I , I II I I 1+1 II I I I I I II I I 1 I --------.--..... N C I 1+1+11+1+1+1+1 I I 1+1 I I 1+1 I I I I I I I I 11 I N C I I I II. I 1 II I I I I I 1+1+1 I I II (I I I I II ... N I J I I 1'"1 I I I I II I 1.,11 1 :1' II_II I I I I I C ...;-------------------.... ----....... N s I '1+1 II I I I I I II II t I 1,.j .'11 r 11' 1 II I N C 5 I I I I I I II I I I I Ii I I (I II 1+ III I.' II N c s I I 11+1 I I 11.1,1+1 II 11+1 11' 1-1:1+11 I II I I 1 I I' I r I 1 I 1 I I It I I. I II I I I r I II I I HI, I : 1 I II :+1 : I I 1+11 I I : I 1 II I II'.: ------------------------.:..--------..... ------------------I I J I I I I I 1+1. I I I I ,tll I I I I I I II II. I -------:,--... ------------... Ji-Cnar.E:c"t:r i z i no:; +-Occ\Jrs N-No,..'th C-C.n-t,.... S-Sou"th l PAGE 209 , Ecolaqtcal _Ca Tabl. File: Tr H ti. vi,...i",.". Wi "tc;hhazeJ S.4 h1biac;u. Hippo n. Mancln.lla Hanchin l (1) (2) Inkwood I i_x bi.ua Carolina holl .. Ilex ca i"e Dahocn holl" JI.x declc:Na Po u .. haw J lex k,.uq1&,.a Tawn"be,..,.." llex H'4r-tl. dahoon J lex .0paO& A ,..'Ga" hal)" IlliciuM Anl Florida JUllla". ni.,.. Black walnu"t .Junip.,..", 1 iai.Gola R.d ceda,.. 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C S 5 5 5 H C 5 H C S H C S 5 H N C S H H H C S C 5 C S S S S N C S S-Sou-th I t I I I I I I I I 222 2 2 2 2 1 2 3 4 5 S 7 Set 2345 S 7 S I 234 5 6 I I I I 1+1 I I I I 1+' I I , I 1 I 1+' I I I 'I I I 1+1 I I I I I I I I I I 1+1 I I I I I I I I I I 1 1 I I I 1 1 I I I I 1 1 I I 1+1 I II I I I I I I I 1 I I I I I I I I I 1*1 I I 1+1+1 I I I I I I I I I I I 1 I I I I I I I 11+1 I I 1+1+1 I 1 I 1 I I I I I I I I I 1+1+1+1 I I I 1 1+1 I I I I 1 I I I I I I 1 1 I I I I 1 I I I 1+1 1+1 I 1+1+1+1 1+1+' I 1+1'1+1 1 ) I I I 1 1 1 I 1 I 1 I I I I I I I I I I I 1+1 I I I 1 I I 1 I 1 I I I 1 I I I I I I 1+1 I I I I I I I I I 1 I -----------_ ... _---------------------------------..,;-_ .. -I 1 1 1 I I I 1 I I I I I I I I 1+1 I 1 1+1 I I I II I / 1+1+1"+/+/ I I 1.1+1 I I I I I 11+1+1 I I I I I I I / I j 1 I I I 1 I I I I I I 1 I I I I l+1 I I I I .. --..:.-------------I I I I 1+1 I I I I I I I I I I I / I I I I I I 1 I I I 1+1+1+1+1 1 I I I 1+"1 I 1 I I I / 1+1+1 I 1 1 I I / I I I I I 1 I I I I I 1+1., I I I I I I I 1 1 1 I 1 I 1+1 I I I I I I I 1 I I I I 1 I 1+1.1 I I I I I 1 ... --------------------I I : : I J I I t I It: 1+1 1 I : I I I Itt : : It' J I ; , I. t : 1+' I l I I I : : I 1 I J t I I 1 I II I I 1+1 I ( I 1+1 I I, I I I 1 I 1 I I I I I I I 1+1 J I I :+:*: I : I 1+1 I :_:+1 I t I I : ,.... 15 PAGE 210 , Eeolo.'e.l Co Fi 1.: T,. L,,.lod.naron reI low po..,I.,.. (1) I_h (2) Wi ld 'ta ... ,..and A.h aqnCtJ 'a Magnol'. Sw 9"011. Halu indica 1'14",'00 (I) H I.u. 11 -tic; -Fal ".lal.uea Ca jepu't-'t,... (J) ,...1 Ii. az.da,.ach Chtn4b.,.,. .. (I) Florida pof.an'tr Horus rub,.. R.d .ulb.,.,..--. Spic. 'tr "'"rica inodor. Odor I Nec'tAncra coriac LanCE04.:lod N"sz.:a .... 1 ) j z. i .. ;j +-Oc;c;ur. C-C.n-t,.al ""' .. N C s s PI PI C S H C S PI C s S C S '" C S S '" C S S '" C S PI PI PI PI C S S-Sou'th 1 1 lit 1 lit 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 t I 3 4 I 7 I t 234 I 2 345 1 1 1 1 1+1 1 1 1 1 1+1 1 I 1 1 1 I 1 1+11 1 I 1 I I ;-;;;-;-;-;-;-;-;;;-;-;-;-;;;-;-;-; 1 ;-;-;-;-;-;-;-;-; 1 1+1 I I 1 I I 1+1 I I 1 I_I 1 I iii 1 I I I I I 1 I I I I 1+1 1 I I I I I I I I I 1 1 II 1 1 1 1 I I I ----------------------------------.,.-.,..,--T-.. --;--------1+1 I I I_I 1 I I I 1_1_1 I 1 I 1 1 I It I il 1 I 1 I I '+1 I I I I 1+1_1 1+1 I 1+1 r I I I ;-;-j-;-;:i-i-;-i-i-i;;;i;i;;-;-rrrni:ii-i-i-;-;-; I I I 1 1 I I I 1 I I I I 1+1 I j j j I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II I I I I i 1+1 1+1 I I I I I I I I J I I I I I I I I 1+1 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 1+1_1 I I I I I 1 1 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 1 1 1+1+1 1 I I 1 1 1 I 1 1 I I I I I 1 l.r ill I ; I 1 1+:+1 1 I 1 : : 1 I 1 1 1+1 1 I I I 1+1 I I 1 I '1.1 I 1+1.1+1+1 1 : 1 1-IFI'trodueed Pa.. 16 PAGE 211 , Ecolo.tcal f..bl. Fi J.: Tr O a ricanu. (1) D.vi JWOQd O ric.nus (Z) Wild-oJ i ..... Hapnarnb.an .r.:.Jor ..;. Sourwood ".,. a barbania P.r bar-bon'. yar. hu.ilu. Si Ikba" pub."s (1) pub.n. (2) F ....... ,.."'tr Pinus clau Sand pine "inu. echlna Hatpin "" .. N C N C S N C S N C I N C S N C S N C S S S S 5 S N C S S 5 CS N C S N C S N C S S-Sau1:h .. , I I I I 2 22 2 2 Z 2 234 I 7 I 2345' 7 I 234 5 1 I II I I I I 1 1 1 I 1 .11 I 1 I 1 I 1 1 I + I I I I 1+1+1+1+1+1 1 1 1+1 I I 1 I I I I I 1 I I I I I I -------.. I I 1 I I 1+1+1 1+1 I I I 1.1 I I I I i I I I I 1+1 I . ----------------------------------------------------I I I I '.I II I III I 1 1+1+1+11 (' II 1 I I I I I J I I I I I I 1 I I J 1+1 I II I i I I I I I I I .... --... I I I I : 1 1 I I Hili 1+1+1 1 I J I 1 J 1 I I I I J ... ..;.-----------I I I 1 1 I I I I J 1+1+1 '+1 I I I I 1 1 I I II I 1 I I 1+1+1 I 1 1 I 1+1 1 I I I I I 1 1+1 I I 1 1 : 1 I I 1 I I 1+1+1 I 1 I I II 1 I 1 1 1 I I I 1 1 1+1+1 --... PAGE 224 Ecola9'-cal Co Uft'''t ... Ta .. l. Fil.: .... rb.c::.o:"'. E"',o.aftw. Buckwh.a't Sc.rub Erlo.on",_ 'to n'ta.",_ Buc:lcwh.a't . 1011101 .Er'l'throd tll;u.rce."tlcaJa O';c:hld -L o .. E,.. ... :throld E,.."'theronl",,. u.b .. Jtca'tu. Violc-t Di.p l.d do.'too'th ulo .. .hi a. O,..chid 1011101 coco E:ulophl. .c,.t.-ta"'ta Trtc'rchos Eupa-torlu.-alb",. EUPla'toriu. Whl-t. Eu .... 'toriu-. .; ... II ,jol lu. Fen".l Do .. ... Yank.. w d .. lkantode. . S "ha,.. $".""'001: "'11:. ... 'tor.u.-villa.ue 't E ..... .. I. ... ho,... P.in: .... d I f:upho,,"I. "'.-t ....... h .. ll. J'lciins_e't"t,a 1011101 ...... Spu,., ex.let.ot. CO Eus'to Eu."t"o.a .. (2) Pr4JrieQan"ti F j -avQria Fro._l i chi a f'loridana ( I ) C01:tonweed Froe):ichia f'lol'"'id&nA (2) Co"t"tcr. Snak. Ar C H C H C S H C s H C S H C S H C S H C S H C S H C C S C C S C S S $ S Ii C S H C S C."u" "" .... r-t t t , , t a 2 2 2 I I 23 C 7. t 2 3 4 S I I I 1+. II It. I I I I I 11 J ----------------------------------------------------I I 1+1+1 I 1 1+1+1" 1 1 I I I II I 1 I 1+1 I r I ... -----------I I I L Hi I 1 1 I 1+1 1 1+1 I !+II I 1+1 1 I 1+1 I ---.------------------------------------...;. _-----_ ... -_ ... II I I 1+1 I I-I Ij I I I II I I I 1+1 1111 II _________ ________________________ J _____ ...;. ___ _____ I i I I I II II I 1 .1+11+1. 1.1 I II I I II I i I -...,----.-------------------.... I I I + I + I I I I I I 1 I I I I I I I I I I I I I III ------------_ .... _------.. _-------..;,_ ._-------------------I I I + I +1 + 1.1 I I i I + I I I I I II r I i I I I I I I I I I 11+1_1_1+1+1+1+1+1+1+1+1 i 1 1 .+1 I i .... '"!'.;.. 1+1+1+1+1+1-'-'+1 1 1+1+1+1+1+1 1 I 1 1+1 I I I I I -----------------------------------------------------. -. I I I I I I + I + I +1 + I + I I I I I I I I + I I t II I I I I ...... ..... I I I I 1+11 I I I I I I I II Iii 1+,1' I .ill I ... --':'"'------.. I .I I I I I I I 1+1 I I I I I I I I I III. I I .... I 1+ II 1+, I I J I ,+ I I I I II I t I I I I , I ..... -. -.. I 1+ I J 1+ r I I I ,+ I I I I II I I I I I I I I. I I '+1+1+1+1+1 I I 1+1 1+1 1+1+'+1 I I I I I I I I I I I -...;-------------------------_._---------_ ... ------------1 1 I I I , I' I I i III" '.1+1 '.' I : 1 I I I I I I I I I I I I ,..: I 1+1+1 l .11 II I ..... ---------... -..... 1 1+1 I i I I I I 1 I. 1 1 I I I I 1+1 I I I 1 L 1 ------. -----..;-... -------------------------:.:.. ....... -----:...-----1 1 1+1+1+1 1 : I I : ... I I 1 1 I I 1 I I I I. Ii --------------------------.------------.... -----,-------, i 1 + 1 +1 + 1 f 1 I I 1 I 1 I I I I I I I I I 1 1 ... ---------------... --------_ ... _---.-----------.--------,. . JO PAGE 225 , Ecolo.iC.1 Tabl. File: Me,..baceous Ge'llard'. Gaill.rdia 'Iawer Galac'tia app. (2) n.""i1'. aho_lac. a.ds-t,..aw G4ura Uir (1) Cudw d Gnaphaltu. (2) Tabo&cco Rabbl't Gnapha)luM .... Cudw d Gua.&ni& Monos-tachl& Atr plan"t Guz.anta (2) Bro Jtad Fuoh'. Orchid Frinq_d Harp.roeallts Harper'. b.au't'J Harri ll. Orchid .... d.osa .r&v.o]-.". Heleni\.ol'l aCarUN Sneaz.w d -Bi"t'tcr MGI)eni .... '.l spp. M.!:: 1 j an"l:he.rAurr; SPP. H ;=l ian"i..h ... s d.-e"bi lis Are. N C N C S N C S N C H C 5 H C H C 5 H C S H C 5 5 5 H C S H S N C H C S H C S H C S C S N C S .-Char-.::.="t:2ri:zinq -t-Occurs N-Hor't'n C-Can't'ral S-Sou'th 1 1 1 1 1 1 a z z z z z z 2345 57 S I Z 3 4 5 7 a Z 3 4 5 1-1+1+1+1+1 1 1 1 I I I I I I I 1 I 1 1 I I I I I I 1 I 1 1+1+1+1+1+1+1+1+1+1+1+1+1+1 I I 1+1 I I I 1 1 I -------------------------------------------------_ . _I I 1t1+1+1+1+1+1+1+1+1+1+1+1+1 I I 1+1 I 1 I 1 1 I I I I I + I + I 1 I I. I 1 + 1 + I II I I + I I I I 1 + I I I I 1 I + I + I + I + I I I I I I I I I I 1 I I t J i II I II I 1 I I I I II 1+1 1 I 1 I I I 1 I I j Ie 1 I 1 II 1+1 1 I I 1+1+1+1+1+1+1 I 1+1 I III I j I 1: I 1 I I .. i ...... I I I II I I I I I I I I 1+1 I I' I 1 . 1 I r I 1 I I I I I I I I I I I I I 1+1+1 11.+I,!.d ill I I II _______________ -' _____ .;, ___ .;. ____ __ ........ __ I I I II I 1+1 I I I I 1 I I I I I I II I I I 1 I I . I 1 I I 1 1+1+1+1+1+ 1 1 Jill 1 I I 1 1 1 I I 1 I+i I I I I I 1+1+1+1+1+1 I I I I I I I 1 1 I I I 1 I \+1 1+1+1+1+1+1. I I I I 1 1 I I I 1+. 1 I I I II I I I I 1 ...... 31 PAGE 226 Ecolo cal Co Tabl. Fil.: evr vICue -S ,d. PP. H.1 H ....... te. nobal,. La".,.) H.",,-,.o-th.ca cruis.ana GoJd.na.t.r Crui s Florid. 4,. ln.f01 (1) Gold.n Gra leaf ,. Ift.folaa (2) 511I(qr scab,..ll. Goldenas-t.,.. subax.lla,.I. Ca.phor ..... d sPP. (t) Hibiscus Hjb (2) "allow fta.e H .... d,... I la vc,..otlc' J J .a",. lI,.d,.llla .... lc bonar'eft.'. Dal.arwort Larqal f (1) ... o,.."'t H .... Pp. (2) P .enn"wor-t L11" SPider. H .... pericu .. S"t. ,",onn. 'wor't zpp. alb"t"a H in"t .Nuslc., IndiCio Wai,.." Ar C S C S '" '" H C S N C S H C S '" C S '" C S H C S '" C S C S C S N C S H C S H C S '" C S H C S H C S S-Seuich I I , I , I I I 2 2 2 2 2 2 I I 3 4 S 7 S I Z 3 4 S 8 7 S I Z 3 4 5 ,+,+, I , , , , I I I ,.i I , , , ,+ ... I I I , ,., , 1+1+' , '+1 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I , I I I I I I 1+1 I I I I I I I I I HI+I 1+1 I I I I I , I I I I I I I I 1+1 I I , I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 1 I ,.1.,+,+1+,+, 1+1+1+1 1+' II I I I I I I I I I I I 1 I '+1+1+1 I I , I I I lit' I I I I I ----------... I I 1+1 , I I I I I I I I I I I I i I I 1 I I I I I ----------------------------------------------------I I I I I 1+1+1 1+1 I 1+1 I I I ,'', i i "+1 I I 1+1 I I I I I I 1+1+' 1+1 I 1+1 I I I 1+1 I I ... I I 1+\ I I I , I I I I I I I I I I I I 1+1 I I I I I I 1+1 I I + I + I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 1+' I I I I 1+ I + 1+ 1 + I 1+1+1 , I I I I I I I 1 1 I 1 '+1 d I I 1 ,1+1+1+1+1 ---------------------------------..:..---------------""+1 I I 1 I I I I I I I I I J+I I I I I 1+1+1+1+1 _-----------------------"";'"----------------------------I I I I I I 1+1 I I I I I I I I 1+1 1+1 1+\ 1 1+1+1+1 Ifl+I+I+I+'+I+I+I+I+I+I+I+1 1+1+1+1 I I 1+' 1+1 1+:.1 I I 1 I I 1+1+1+1+1+1 1+1 I I I I I I 1+1+1 I I I I : I I I : r 1+:+:+:+:+: Lj. t : 1+1+1 : (+1 I : : :+:+: I I I I I I 1+1 I :+: I 1+1+ I I I I I I I I I I I I P .... 12 PAGE 227 ! Ca Table Herbaceous p.l. Ind-ioeao Jndlqaf.,.. sp,.. IndiCio lonop.'.'. Iri PP. Iris Fla. Jrl. v.,.-na I"r1. Dwarf lj Mornlnq P'neland ... 1 vJr.lnlca Hallow Lachnocaulon (1) Baq bu't'ton Lachnoc.ulon ."P. (2) Pip.wor't -H lr-.... L.ch pp. Pinw d ,..,.. Gho" .a't p)an"t L'i!rAna. 3"PP. Dvcf,(w d L.pjdiurn (;a .... fGa.1:he,. Ar N N C S 5 N C 5 N C 5 N 5 S C N C S N C S H C S H C S N C S 5 N C S N C S N C N C S N C S I I I I lit I II 2 22 2 2 2 2 I 234 5 S 7'8 9 e t 234 5 S 7 8 9 e t 234 5 S 1 1 1 1 1+1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Iii 1 1 1 1+1+1+1+1+1+1+1+1 1 1+1 1 1+1+1 1 I I I 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 I 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1+1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1+ 1 + 1 1 + 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 + 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1+1+1+1+1+1+1 1+1 1 1 1+1+1 f 1+1+1+1+1 1+1+1 1 I I 1 1+1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 I. 1 1 1 I 1 I 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1+1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 I 1 1 1 1 1+1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 I I 1 1 I 1 I 1 1 1 I I 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1+1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1+1 1 1 1 1 1+1 1 1 1 1 1 1+1+1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1+1 1 1 1 1 1+1 1+1+1 1 1 I 1 1 1+1+1+1+1+1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 I 1 1 I 1+1 1+1+1 1 1 1 1 1 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 I 1 I I 1 + I 1 + 1 + 1 1+1+1+1. +1 I 1 1 1 I 1 1 1 I 1 I I 1 1 1 I I I I 1 I I 1 I 1 I 1 1 I 1 1 1 1 1 1 1+1 I I I I 1 1 1 1 I 1 1 1 I 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 I 1 1 1 1+1 1 1 1+1 1 1 1+ 1 1 1 1 1 1+1 1 1 1 1 1 1+1 1 1 I 1 1 1 1 II I I 1 I 1 I : I I 1+:+:".:+: : I :+:+: I 1+1 : J I 1+: : : I : : : : I 1+1+1 1+1+1 J I I "I, : I I : I J 1 I : I : I I : I : : 1+1+"1 1+1+1 1 I I I I I I I : : : I : I : I I I : I-In'troduced PAGE 228 [colo.tcel Fil.: Ltllu. Caroll"lanu. LII .. Penhendle Li I lu. (1) L,l"" CII't b"'. Lillu. c .. CZ) Li 1",,-Pine Lilliontu .... l1li. Lavend.,.. S.a L'nd.rni. ana tl,d Fa) _piM .. e,.net Li .. pja app. (I) Lippta L i pp ,a app. 2 ) Cardinal f'low.,. Ludwlqia SPfII. P,..t.,..o Wa-t.,.. Lupin",. Lupine LUPinu .... ,..ftni. Lupin. Luplnu. villasus Lupine -L.d .... Lup'nu. w t'e"",s Lupin Club.o3s Hanqi"q L .... c:opod 10.,,. .pp. ClubMas. l'iacbricea alba Whi'te Hidden ,: "..1:':': i i EUT.:;hf i owe,.. A,. " C I C S C S C S C S N C S N C 5 ,. C S ,. C ,. C ,. N S ,. C 5 ,. C N 5 Ii C S 5 I t t , t I 222.22 2 2 2 3 5 I 7 I 2 3 5 7 2 3 5 1 1 1 1 I I I I I I 1 I 1 1 1 I I 1 .t. I I 1 1 1 I 1 I 1 I I It I + I I I I I I I I Ilt. 1 II I + I I I 1+1 .. .. -----.. 1+1+1 I I I 1' 1 I I I I I j '+I+iLVI I Ii j ,-,, ' . ... ""---..... ... ----I I I I I I I I II I II I I ill,Lllrl'tl+I+1 ----------------------------------"" .. ...... -f: ...... ......... 1t1+1 I I 1+1+1+1+1+1+1+1+1+'. I L I 11 1 .11+11+1+1 --...:-----------------------------.... ... r :;.,; .... I I I I I II I I I II I I I 1 -1+li ________________________ ______ ____ .. ,i,I,; .... ... .,. ___ __ 1 I I + I +l -I II I I I I I I I I It" II I I : I I I I ----------;...------... .... ;".. .... .... -1+1 i I I I I II II I III II If I Ii. I I I I I --------------------:--"':'-------:--------------------------I I I I I II I I I I I I I I I I j I I 1+1 I I I I I .... "':"------... -.... ------I I 1+1+1 I I I I I I I I I I 11' 1 I 1 III I II I I I I I I 1+1 I II I I I i I I I I I II I I 1+11 I I I I 1+1 I I I I I I I I I I 1 I I .. I I I I I 1 'I : I 1 I I I I I 1 I 1 I 1 I 1 1+1+1 1 I 1 1 I 1 I I I : : : : t : : I : : : : : : : : : : I : I : : +: : -----------------------.s'!q,f"----------------------------I 1+1 I'll I I I I I I : 1+ I I I I I +1 I I I I I I : PAGE 229 Ecaloqtc .. l T.bJ., Fila: H.rbac.ous ".J.n't .... ,.. .. n:iv Bunchf' 1 ow .... Bunchf"lo .... r woodi' Hell.bore flaridan& S-tic:;klaaf' H'craqra Farn ,,.1na "tlcan:la scand.n. H pw d H1.0 S.n.i1:i ..... plan"t Ni"tcheJla repe". Par"tridq. b.r,.." Manard. t ) B bal .. Honarda punc'ta'ta (Z) HO,.. Nono"trops:ia Banana PP. Hi Ifoi I Naja. Naiad Na J&s r.l$r i n& M&l"'"inllil! SAlad NaJ";i; raino,.. NCi.iad Slander Me: 1 umbo' 1 \.ltea American eel "tt&] r.:.rn Ba.-ton Ar N C S S' N N C S N C S S N C S N C S N C S N C 5 N C 5 N C 5 N C S N C 5 N C S N C S N C 5 N C C S 1 I I 111 I I I t 2 2 222 2 t 2 3 4 S 6 7 8 9 9 I 234 5 6 7 89. I 234 5 6 I 1 I I I I 1 I I I I I I 1 1 1 1 1 1 I 1 I I 1 1+1 I I 1+1 1 I I I 1 1+1 I 1 1 I I 1 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 1+1 I I I I I I I I I I I I I 1+1 I 1 I I 1 I :+1+: I I 1 1 1 1 1 1 1+1 I 1 1 I 1 I I 1 I 1 I 1 1 I 1 1 I I I 1 Iii 1 1 I 1 1 1 1 1 I 1 1 1 1 1 1 1+1 I 1 I I 1+1 I 1 I I I I I 1+1 1 1 1 I 1 1 I 1 1 1 I 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 'I 1 1 I I 1 1+1 1 I I 1+1 1 1+1+1+1 1 1+1 1 I 1 1 I I 1+1+1+1 1 1 1+1+1 1 1 1 I 1 1 I I 1 I 1 I 1 1 1 1 1 1+1 I I I I 1+1+1 I I I II 1 I I I I I I I I 1+1+1+1+1+1 I I I I I_I I I I I I I I I I I I II I I 1+1+1+1+1+1 I I I I I_I I I I I I I I 1 I II I 1 1 I I I I I I 1 I I I I 1+1 I I I I 1 I 1 I I I I I II I I I I I I' I 1 I I I J.I I:t I. I I .1 I I I 1 I I I I I I I I 1 I I I I I I I I I I 1+1+1 I I 1+1 I I 1+1 I 1 I I I I I 1 I 1 1 1 I 1 1 I 1 1+1 I I I 1 I 1 1+1 I 1 1 I I I I 1 I 1 1 1 1 I 1 1 1 1+1 1+1 1 1 I 1'1+1 1 I I I I I J I I : : : r I : : I r+1 : f I I I 1 1+1 I I ; ttl : :. I I It: I I : I I r r : I : : I :+1 : I J I I I" l +: + I I I I l+! III I + I I I 1+ I I. I I + I I I I I 1'1 I f I I I : I ; + I +: J : + I 1+: I 1 I : : :1 ...... 35 PAGE 230 : --, EGola.1ea' Co Fil.: Holtn ... ... Florida Hul:tha,. lu u. 1.q.n. I've xicana -Y.llow N"-1Mll=lh odo,.. aqua.ica Flo4t"jn.-h ,... O.no'th.,.. blann'. Pri_ro Eventn. Ok.fti .. h...,P04 a. Faur o-clQQk BurrowSn. Oneidau. Orchid Onctdiu. lurldu. Orchid Onctdtu. v.,.. Orchid Daneln. Oron't'u GQld_n club O unda cinn a F.rn Cinn.lton Os,.und. ,.. .... 11. F.,-Y' RO...,61 .,.. n "11 Ox ..... PQ li.s SPP. o Water-oroPwor-t Pach ..... ..... Moun'tain .pur ..... Ar- Ne N C S S N C S N C S N C S N C S 5 5 5 5 N C N C S N C 5 N N C 5 N N C N C N t I I I I t I I I I Z 2 2 2 2 2 2 I 345 I 7 I e I Z 3 4 5 6 7 I e I 234 5 6 , , , 1+1 I I 1 1 I 1 I 1 I I 1 1 1 I I I 1 1 1 I I I I I I I I 1 1 I I I I 1 1+1 1 I 1+1 I 1 1+1 1 1 1 1 I I 1 1 1 I 1 1 I 1 I 1 I I+i 1 i I I 1 1 1+1 I 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 I I 1 1 1 1 1 I 1+1 1 1 I I 1 1 1+1 I I 1 1 1 1 I 1 I I I I I I I I 1+1 1 I I I I I 1+1 I 1 I I I 1 I I I I 1 I I I I I I I 1 Iii I I 1+1 I _________________________________ 1 I I I I I I I I I I 1 1+1+1 1+1+\ iii I 1 I I I 1 1 1 1+1 I I I 1 1 I I I I I 1 1 I i I I 1 I I I 1 1 1 I I I I 1 1 I I I 1 1 1 1 I 1 I I.j.f I i 1+1 I I 1+1 1 I I 1 J 1+1+1+1+1+1+1+1_1+1 I Iii I '1+1_,+1 I 1 1 1 I l I I I 1+1+1+1+1+1+1-1+1+1 I 1_' I 1+1-1+1 1+11 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 1 I t I I I 1+1 I I I I I I 1+1+1+1 I I I I I 1 I 1+1 I I 1+1 1+1 1+1+1 I I I I 1+1 I I I I 1+1 I I I I I I I I I I I 1 I 1 I : I I I I I I : I I 1+: +1 I I I I I : I I I I I I I : I : : : r I I : : :.: :. j I : I 1+1 : I I : I I :+: : 1 + 1 I, I 'I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I : \ I \ PAGE 231 fcol"o.sc.1 Co ","t-t'l leble FII.: ,..It.nd ..... P.I'.ndr6 .. "'c. .... ,. ':''''''''0'' P .... ro.'. 'lo,..idan. .... PCP.,...O,.la Ev.,....J.d raparo.,. PCP.,..OMj4 Florida "P.'lvarja all c c.,.. I lc; w d Philox.,..u. -Y.r e"'I.,..S. Harsh sallPhi,... au,..eua F.rn Galden Phlox apllt. Phlox Phoradend,..on rUbru. .... ... P ...... llan-thu. Ph" 1i PP. Ground . ,..tG.n. Polk .... d PI ... i\llllua-ta .fIIP. Pirl"qua-ta "'.Tia PI '"ten .... lf'ol sa" Fern Pl\Jchea f'ce-t!da P I 1" ) r 1 cac.!i.:nQ Mar.h (2) A .... N c: N c: S S S S H C 5 S N C S H (; S 5 S N C S N C S C S H C S H S H C S H C 5 H C 5 :W-Char" .ci"zr i i +':'Occurs N-Nor-tfort C-C.n-tra J S-Sou-th t t t t t t t t t t Z 2 2 2 2 2 2 t 2 3 4 5 7 as. t 234 S 7 S 2 3 4 5 I I I I I I I I I I I I r I I I 1 I I I I I 1 1 1 +I + 1 I I I I 1 1 1 I I I I I I I I I 1+1 1 I 1+1+1 1 1+1 1 I I 1 1 I I I I I I 1 I 1 1+1 1 1 I 1 1 I 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 I 1 1 I I I I I_I 1 I 1 1+1 1 I 1 1 I I I 1 1 1 I I 1 I 1 I I 1 I I I I I I 1+1+1 I Iii I I I I 1 I 1 1 1+1+1 I I I 1 I I I 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1+1+1 I 1 1 1 1 1 1 I I I 1 I I 1 I 1 I I I 1+1+1+1 I 1 I I 1 I I I I I I ---------------------------------_ .. _--"'!"'------------"--I I 1+1+1+1 I I I I 1+1 I I I 1 I I I I I I I I I I I 1 I 1+1 I 1 I I 1+1+1 1 1+1 I I I '.1+1 I I I I I 1 I I I I I I I I I I I I 1 .. 1 I I I 1 I I II I I I I -------------------------------------;"':""----:-------..... --I I I I 1 1 1 1 1+1 1 1 I I 1 Iii I 1 I I 1 I I 1 1 1+1+1+1+1+1+1+1+1+1 1+1+1 I 1+1 I Iii I II I I I --------------. .---...;.---------------------.. -..... ..-.. ---1 I i II +I I I II 1 + I + I 1+' 1 I I t '.1 I I I J+ I I 1+1+1+1+1 I I I I I I I I I I I I I II I 1 I I I I I. ill 1 I I I I I I I I I I 1+' i I ,il I 1+1 1 I I 1 1 I I 1 1 I I I I I I I 1 I I I 1'1 I_I I I 1 I I I I I I I I I I I 1 1+1 I I I I I I I I 1 I I I I I II 11+1+1+1 I I I I 1 1 1+1 I I I I I 1+1+1-+' I 1 1 I I I 1 1 I I 1 1 1 I I 1 I I 1+1 I I 1 I 1 1 I I I : I : : : I I : : : : : I : : : + I : : : t I : : l PAGE 232 Eca)o4ical Table File: Werbaceou. old Ro Polani.,a Catchfl,. Pol'l9ala .... llii Po h"qa 1 0& -T i "'I SPP. Ni ll(wor't .Join"tw d qracilia .Jo.in"tw d .Joan"tw d Lar '-'ir.w d Uood ... -.oc't"ober PP. (t) S .. ar't", d Pol .... onu pp.(2) Kno"t_ w d FernfI')u Pol..,podluM Fern R Po) .... 1;ac;h .... lu-tcqla Orc .... id corda'ta Plck.eralw d o)er-acea Purslane .. a l.!.-=.:i r-! 1 -:)Sa Fortulaoa o ver$ifoJlus Variable-l.a' Ar H C H C S C S S H C S H C 5 H C S H C C S H C 5 H C 5 H C S S H C 5 S H C S N C S 5 H C 5 N C 5 S-South t t l t tit I 2 2 2 Z Z II I I' '+I+i+lt" I I 1 1 t 1 1 1 1+11+,1' 1+1 I I 1+1+1 I I 1 I I I , I I I I 1 I I I I -------------------------.-------------;...-... I I 1+' I 1 1 1 I I I I I 1 1 I 1 I I' 1 I II I I , 1 , 1+' I 1 I I' I 1 , I I 'I , 1 1+1+1+1+1 I 1 1+1 '+1 I '1+' I 1 1+1.' ----------------------------------------------------I I 1+'+1 I I 1 1 1 I I I' 1 I I ,'1 I 1 I I I I I I I+IH II' I II Ii, II I I I I I '" ----------------------------:-:------------------------, I 1+1 I 1 1 1 II , I I I' I I I' , , 1+1 I I I I , I I I , I t' 'II I, I J -------------------------------------------.-... 1+1+1+'+1 I 1 I I I I I I I I I 1 1 Ii ... ------------:"---------------------------.... I I I , I I I I I I '+1 1+,+, '+'+'+1 I I I I I I II I I I I 1+1 11+'+1 1+1+1+1 1 I I I , , [I I 1+1 "IIi I 'I I I II 1 I II I 1 I "I +, + 1+'.1.1 I , I I I I I I I ----------------------------------------------------I I I .I I 'I 1 I I 1+1+' I 'I I I , I , I I I 1 II I + ., I I I + I I I _I_ I + I I 1 I 1+1, +1 I I I 1+' , I I I I I I I I II I 1+: I Itt 1 I I I I 1 / t I i I : : I : t : : : 1+1+1+1+1 t I I I I I I I I I I I I I I : t I J : : I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I t I I I I I 1 I : : J-ln'troducad PAGE 233 , Ecolo.icaJ Ca Tabl. File: Herbaceou. Pondw d Saqo Pro.arpinecA A4uiJinuM Farn Bracken Fern Brake (1) Blac;k roo"t (2) Rabbit(3) Cudwaad cepjllacau. Biahopw d Mock r&qidu. Pnn'-jlro"a.J R ophiocephala Orc .... id Snake Rh.xia Ju-te. H.adow-b Yellow Rh.xia .aria.na Whit. Rh.xi4 .pp. J,(no'tw d (1) Doll.row.ad Rh'lnch". i. ren j, 'fo,... t. Snout b.an app. (1) Snou't baan SPP. (2) Dollar-we:ed Rivin.:::. h'..!{.11 I i. i !l hi r"t-!l Black-c ... ed Susan *-Ch.J,r.) e'i:crl:!!: i nq +-OCCUI""S H-No,.. ... h C-C.n't,..al A .... N c: S N C 5 H C S S N C H C 5 N C S N C S H C 5 S N C S N C.5 N C 15 N C S N C 5 N C S N C S N C s N C S N C s S-Sou'ti. t t t t t t t t t t Z 2 2 2 2 2 2 t 2 4 I 7 I 2 3 4 5 C 7 I 2 3 5 1 1 1 1 1 1 I I 1 I I I I I I I I I 1 I 1 I I 1 1 I I I 1 I I I I I I I I I I I I I 1 1+1 I I 1 1 I I 1+'. I I I I I-I +I + I-HI + I + I + 1 I I I + I 1 I I I I I I I I I I I 1 I 1 I I I 1 1+1 I I 1+1+1 I I I I I I I I I I I I 111+1+1+1+1+1+1 I I I I I 1 I 11111 II 1 I I 1 I I 1+1+1+1+1+1+1 I I I I I I I I 1 Iii I I I 1 1 I ----------------------------------------------------1 I 1+1+1+1+1+1+1 I I 1 I I I I I I I i I I I 1 I I 1 I 1 1+1+1+1 1 I I I 1+1 I I 1+1 I I 1 i I I I I 1+1 I ...... ........... ..:.---.;.. I I I I I 1+1+1+1+1+1+1+1 I I 1+1 I i II I 1+1 1+1+1 ----.... I I I I 1+1+1+1+1+1+1+1+1 I I 1+1 1 I 1 1+1 1+1 1+1+1 I I I 1 + I + I I I 1 + I I + I I 1 + I I I II I I I I I 1 I I I : I I + I + I I I I + I I:.' .1 I + I I I I I f 1 1 J I : : I I 1+1+1+1+1+1+1+1+1+1+1 I ) 1+1+1 I 1+1+1 1+1+1+1.1 1+ I I I + I I I I I I I F I I + I I .1 1 I I II I 1 I 1 r --------------' ------------------------------------II 1 1:t I+1 I 1 I I 1+1 I I I : I I I I I I I I I : : --------:-------------------------------------. -------,. 19 PAGE 234 ECO]04Sc.l Co Tabl. File: Ru .. II."I ..... .... S't .John'.-Su.an ftudb.c:kta .... Con.'f1 ow.r Ruell .-11'. Ruellia Ru.ex ......... a'tulu. Sorrell Ru.ex .PP. Dock Rupp, ri'ti Saba-tia.PPe Harsh pSnk Sach.l. bah en I Sachsla Bah S i ..... rsa s ... p. (1) Arrowhead Sa i'taria-spp. (Z) Duck-po'ta'to Sal Scar-wisa ....... Gl.s.wor't 5.,lsola kall Ru illn 'thS.'tI. Salvia .PP. Sa S6lvina. auricul ...... Salyinia PiMPernel Santeu]. canadensi. Snake-rao't Nt&lica San:iiieyiari& Sarracunia p)&n't White Arr 0:""; h <3: ad Li::tird':ii 'tail A .... .. C H C S H C S H C S H C S H C S 5 H C S H C S H C S N C 5 N C S N C 5 N C 5 N C S 5 N N C 5 N C 5 5-Sou"th 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Z Z 2 Z 2 Z Z 1 234 5 7 as. 1 2 3 4 S 7 as. 1 2 3 4 S G 1 1 I II! 1+1 1 1 1 1 1 1 I 1 1 1 1 1 I 1 1 I 1 1 I 1+1+1+1+1+1+1+1+1+1+1+1+1+1 1+1 1+1 I 1+1+1 1+1 1+1+1 I I 1 I 1+1 I I I I 1+1+1 I I I I 1 1 1+1 I 1 I I 1 1 I I I 1+1+1 I I I I 1+1 I I I I 1 / 1 I I I I I II I I I I I I 1+1 I. I I I 1+1+1 I I I I I I 1+1 I I I I I I I I I I I I 1 1 I I 1 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 1 I I I I I I I I I I I 1+1-1+1-1 I I I II I I I 1+1 I I I I 1 I I I I 1"1 1 1 I I I I I 1 1 I I I I I I I 1 I I I 1 I 1+1 I I I I 1 1+1-1 1 I I I I I I I I I I 1 I I I I 1 1+1 i I I I 1 1+1-1 1 I 1 I I I I I I I I 1 I I I I I 1 '1+1+1 I 1 1 I I 1 I 1+1+1 I I I I I I I I I 1 1 I I I 1 I I II I I I I I 1 I I 1+1+1+1+1 I I 1+1+1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 I 1 1 I I I 1 I 1 I I I I I I I, I I 1 I I I 1+1 1 I 1+1 1 1 1+1 1 I 1 I I I I I 1 1 I I 1 1 I I I 1+1+1 I 1+1 I 1 1+1 1 I 1 I I 1+1 I I 1 I 1+1 I I I I I I 1 1+1 I I I 1 I 1 1 1+ I I I I I 1 1 I I I I I I I I I 1 1 I 1 I I I 1 I I I I J I I I I I 1 : : : I : : : I I I : : :+: I : : I 1 I I I 1 I 1 1 I I r I 1 1 1 1+1 I 1 I I I 1+ II(I I I I : J I : : 1 I : I 1+: J : :+: I I 1+1:111 I I 1+1+1 J-Int-roduced PAGE 235 Ecolo.lcal Co Tabl. F i 1 H.,'-b.ceaua Schra .. k 'a _I cro"h .. lla Sen. j 't lye brae,.Sci ..... U' Bul,..ush I ....... .,.. ......... S Acac ewe.'" A cwlu evla H S""c;k ...... ...d Aqa....,e ...... H C S C.r"t"",. .... .. ).n"t Alnus ,.,.ula'tA H Ald.,. A 1 ",a,..adoll ... or-phoid S A.o,..pha f'l"'u'tic:o H Indtqo-buah" A .. ",.,. 1 .... '.,.. ( t ) $ Torch ... ood A ..... ,..'. .1 Sf'.,.. (Z) 5 S a .. A,.alla apino._ H C A,.JI.I Da-vi walkln .. 'tick c:al-1onlad S Ha,..lb.r,.."" Arant. IIrbY't'f'ol.a. N C Chole.b ,.,.,. -,..d A.c:"r\J. H C Sot. And,. .... '. C,..o A.G .... ,..u. s-tans tI C Sot. Paot.,..I. wor't A.illina .. a,.,,' f' I "ora H C S Pawpaw A.'.tna "'.""cula'ta H C Pawpaw A.imina. 1:.t,..a.-er& S Pawpaw "our-pe-tal Baccnaris dicica N C SPP. (1 ) H C $ Eeccnarls .... ::tr i .... 2;PP. ( 2 ) H C S Sal "t:-o...Isn E :r::eh,::::-i"OS Z:=p. Cp N C S ti'.jr''''t) -;:. sma .-Cha,..;:c1:erizinq +-Occu,... H-Hor't.... C-C ... otral-" Itt I Itt. I t I I I 1 1 1 1 t Z 3 5 a 7 1 2 3 5 S 7 12 3 $ , I I I I I I \+1 I I \ I \ 1 \ \ I I I I \ \ I I I I I I I \ \ I \ I 1+1+1 I \ I I I I 1+1 \ I I I 1'1 1+1+1 I I I 1 I I I I 1 I I I 1 I I \ I I I \ I II I I I \ 1 I I I I I I I I I \ I I I 'tl 1+1 I I I --------------..... I I I I I I I \ \ I I I I 1+1 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 1+1 I I I I 1+1+1 I I I I I It I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 1+1 I I I I+i I I I I I II ----------------------------------"':'-""'-. ---------------'. ., -' ------------....... I ,I+I.I+lt1+1+1 Iltltll I ,tl I t J J 1",1 I I I ____________ .... ... I I \ 1+1 I" I 1+ I I I I + I I j I I i I 11 III i I 1 .... '------------.. ----_._--..;--------... ----------.;,; .... ---....... I I \tl 1 1 I 11'111 I I I i I I I I I I 'I I I I .... -----..... 1+1+1 II I I I I I I I I I I I I II I ,II I I I I I Itl+1 I 1;-Itl+itUI 1+ltl+1 It I : 1 Itltl I itl'tltl:tll ... Itltl I , I Itl+I+I+I' 1+1 ,+1+1 It I I -'+1+1 I Itl+l+t+: I :+1+:. 1 1 t+l+r+I+(, I 1+1+%+1 ,+: : 1 1 PO' 51 PAGE 246 EGolo.lc.1 Co T.bl. FII.: Shrub. a ... ,.t ..... $al.wo,." I.' ...... ,.ace-a TariJa"".,. ,.bo,. cen_ Sea ox ...,. lo,.,.lch c.ft. s 0" ...,. lou,.,...,..,. 8111 ... S-tron9,back lu l'a c.I Ph,. -S.f'f',.on lu l'. lanu.lno lu ... l S. Gu. lu ... 1S. '"clad lu ISa 8u l,. (t) Touch-buck-thorn lu l,a Toucan bu ,e lucid_ Locu.-tber-r..., C lpl". bo".Nc: ( ) Nick.,..b.an Yellow C lp.n. bonduc (2) Nsck.,.,b.an CaJllca,..p ,..'CAn& ... b.,.,.", A rlcan pallen. Lidf'J"ow.,.. Pale CapP4rls Cap.,. . J .... le. Eird PE?par Plu"' N31:&1 A,. HC. H C II C S H C I S S H C II C II C S S S II C S S S 5 S S S t t t , t t ttl 222 222 2 2 3 S 7 23. S 7 Z 3 4 5 I I I I I II, I / I I I I II I I 1+1+/ I I I I I I I I I 1+1 I 1+1+1+1 I / I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I / I 1+1 I I I I / I I /1 I I / I / 1+1+1 I I I I / I I 1+1+1 I I I I I I I I I / I I I I l+i+1 I I I I I I I I I I I I 1 ... .1/'+1 I I I II I I i I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II I 1+1 1+1 I I j I I I I I I I I I 1+1+/+1 I I I I I I I I I I I I I i .-iii I / I I I ______________________________ _____ _____ ___ I I / I I I I I 1+1 I I I 1+1 I Iii I il I I I I I ... ------,--.--... -',-------I I I 1+1+1'" 1+1 I 1.1+1.1+1.1 I t II t .I I I I I I _________________________________ ... .06...;. _______ ... ___ ____ I I I I I I I I I I I 1+1 I I I ... III I I I I I .. I I I I I II I I I I 1+'+/+' I I I I II 1 I I I / I ------------------------.----------------------------. / /+1 I I I I I I I I 1+1+1+ I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I :+1+: I : I : J I I I I 1 I : -------------------.. -------;------_ ...... _---------------I I I I I I I I I I I I,. +1 +: I J 1 1 I I I I : II : I I + I 1 : 1 : I : : : : I : I 1 1 I I' -= : : I I : 1 : : PAGE 247 , Ecolo.tcal File: Shrub. c C a. Ie ...... n.'. p.a la. _a". C 't." Chtnkap,,, C no"'ttu.l. ,.. I canu. N.w "'.,.. ..; Cel", _.ua"a Hackb.,..r .... 1.,,8 ..... paillda Ceph.'en"'thua C.,..a"'tloJa criGold C.eeus er i ophorus f',.. ,..n .. Prlck l .... apple Cer.us .ruella. aborl.lnu. Prh.kl ... apple C.reu "vel.' t .... ". Prlclll" appl. p.n* e.G'h ... ... ,.b.\II ... ,.. Carau. Cac-t" .n.k. .C.r.us robi .... l. der,.ln.l. Cac:"tu. Tr C.r.u. roOl,," Cac:tus IC..... w ", 'tr Cha.a ...... c PJ:t. SP .... ,..q:caalba Sno .... ... 'Snc,.l=,:zrr .... A,. N C S S N N S S N C S N C S S S S S S S S N CS S S S 1 t ttl t t t t 2 2 22 t 2 2 t 2 3 4 5 5 7 a t 2 3 4 5 $ 7 a I 2 3 4 5 G 1+1+1+1+1+1+1+"1 I 1+1 I f 1+1 I / I 1 I / I 1 I I I II I I I I I / 1+1 / I I I / / I I I I 1 1 I I I 1 I I I I 1+1 I I I I I I I I I I I il I jill i I I I I I I 1+1 I I I I I 1+/ / I I I I I I I I I I 1 I I I I 1 1 I 1 I I / I I I II 1+ I I i I I 1 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 1+1 I I / I I II I / I II ------------------------------_._----.!' -.;..-----------I I , I I I I I I I I I I I 1+1+1 I I /_,., 1+1+/ I I 1+1 I I / I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I / I /1 I 1+1 / 1 I I I I I I I I I I II I I I I I 1 1 I I I I I I 1 / I I 1 I I I I /+1 I I I 1+1 I I / 1 I I ----........ ... ... I I I I II I I I I I 1+1 1+ 1 / I / I I I I I / I / I I I I I I I / I I I I I 1+/ / I 1 I I I I I I / I I -----,..--.... -------------.----.------... I I I i I I I I I /1 I I 1.1.1-" I / I 1 I I I I I I / / I ,ll I I / I I I I / I 1+1 I I I 1 / II I I I / / 1+1+1 I I I I 11+1. I I 1 r I II I I III .. I I II I 1+ I I I I 1 I I I I I + I_I i I I I +I. II I 1 1 I I II I 1 II .1+11 I I I II I I I I II .I I I ---------------------------------------------------... .. .. '+11. I I I I I I 1+1 1+1 I I I I II I I PAGE 248 , Ecolo.IGa, l -Ca unl't'\l T ..... Fi I.: Shrub. Chlococca p'ft (2) Coff '/.lId ChSona"1:hus us Fr I n9_ "tr ... iGaco Coc:oply. Chr ..... o.. pau'c; ,,, 1 ascu 1 0 Chr'l50IQ C I; othar.x,,) u .. t,..u't. Flddlawood, -Florida CJ."thra alnl"o) ,. (I) r.w eZI Whl"t. ald.r aln."91'. Cl.'t'hr. Wool" Cl.""to"i Monoph"lla (S ) Buekwhaa:t-1:r eZl -Black CoccoJob. S.aCJr.p. Co 1 uD. r i na .robar cans Co)ubrina Co., Calubrlna aala't'lca Colubrlna Conradln_ can eans Conradln. Conradin l.br. ,..o Conradina qrandi'lora Conradine Co"':nYIi drummond! DOQwood marshal I I ?.:tr!ll : i icif'ol., . ,.tI Ch,-j ::::-t nas-bRrr" Cro"to; .:i:r i a ..... S C S N S N N H H N S S S N C N C s Ii H C S N C S S-Sou"'th t ttl ttl I 222 2 2 Z Z 1 23 4557 , t 2345' & 7 "9. t Z 3 45' S I It I T I II I I I I I 1+1 I I II I I I I II I I ----------..... ... --' I I. Itlti' l I I I I I I I I I I I , I I I I la, I I I I '+1 I I I I I 1+' I I 1'1 I I I I 1+1 I I I I I I I I I I I I I J I I I I I I I --------------------7------------------.:..-----------.;...--1 .1+1 I I I I I 'J+I II I 1+1 I I I I J I I I I I I I I I I I I 1+1 I > 1 I I I I I I 1+1 I I 1+1+1 I I I I I I I I I I 1+1 I I I I I 1 : 1 I 1+1 I I 1+1+1 I I I J I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II I I I 1+' I I I ... I I I I I I I II I I I I I I I I Itlall 1 1 I -------------------.---------!...---------.------..:.-------'..;;. I Ii, I I I I I I J I I I' t I 1 I I I 1+ lal I III ... I 1+1 II I I I I I I I I I I I I 1+1 1 1 II I I , -----------------------------------------------------ii I 1I11 I I I Ii 1 1+1 JI I I I I I I i l I -----------------------------------------------------I 1+1 III' 'I I II I 1+1 II I II II I I I I I .... ------------... ------.--... ... -.... ..:..-... ...; 1+1 1+1+1 I 1+1 I I i II I 1-1I I I I 'I I II, 1 i . .,.: I I 1+1 II II I I : 1 1 1 II I I I I l 1 -I' I I. I .. ----..;.----------------------------.:..--..;.-'-----.---I 1+1+ltl 1+1 1 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II I 1 1 II 'II l+i+"I" I I I I II 1 1 I I ....... ..;.----'--.--, -----..... ---------------... ..... -----III I I I Li 1 1 I+ii I I i I I 1+1+1 II I "I' ... --..:.----.... 1 / 1 I I t I I I : 1+1 : I. I 1+: I : I I I J I I : 1 : : : I j r+: :+: : : 1 I J+: : : I : : : : r : : :+: ,. .... 54 PAGE 249 , Ecolo ca. Tabl. Fj Ie: Sh,.ub. Cro'ton .1" ,. C,..o'ton Cro'ton Sllv.rl oliv.for SaUnh.f ,...c I) Tf."'ti ,.ac jflor. (2) Sw p c",.'lla Dalb.",q Coln vi:ne De.,.inqo'th nu. ru lli Squirrel-b.-na"A Vellow Die.rand,... -fru't een Bal .. scrub Dodona vi.eoa. "" ...... nf..h-l ., E .... nod cr p.,.. h.rb.e Cor.lb u .,I. f'oe-tld. S 'topp.r h Eu ,.ha ... S'topp.r -R.d uon".u. r J canu. S""t .... awb.,..,...... bu.h Exa'th Jnkwood 4wunina"'ta Priyoi!!'t Swaep F'ore.-t:.i cU'''& Pr1ve"t Florida F ... ax i n caro 1 j Tli ana C.arol i na ash Garberi U ... C%) Gbarr"i -Dw .. rf A,. C S N S C S C S S N C S S S S N 5 N N C N C S +-Occurs t ttl Itt tit Z Z t z. a Z I Z 3 4 S 7 I' I 234 S 7 I' 1 2345" I 1+1 I t I I I 1+1 I I I I I I I I II I I I I I ----.;. ... ... ... -----. ..-1+1-1 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II I 1+1 I I I 1 I 1+1 I 1 I 1+1 I I I I I I I II I I , I 1 1 , I I. I I 1+1 I j 1+.1 r 11+1'1+1 I .I I ... -----I I I I I I I I I, I I 1+1 I I I Ih. / 1+1'1+1 I I I I 1 I I I 1+11 1 1 I I I I I I f Jllili i I I I I I HI+II I I II I It. I I t I III I 1 1 1 I I ;...---.;..--------... I 1+1 I I i I 11+1 1 1 1+1+1 II Ii i. j i J II I I -----:..----------------------'------' 1 .I.1 .... --.,.'-:.. ... ---'---'--1 1+1 I 1 I I 1 I I 1 I I 1 I 1 I ,II I I 1 I .... ... : .;..:.;...;;..';...-----1+'+1+1+1+1+1+1 I I HI HI+I+I I II. i I 1 1 1 I j I .. .... ',I 1+11, 1 1 i I I I I I II.' I I iti ', I ,ILI"il I. I J I 1+11_ I 1 1 HI. I I I 111. 1 ;+11',,' ,1.1, 1 .. .. .... --------' I I II I I II 1 1 I I i I I "+Itl I I I I I 1+1'1' II I Hi I I Hi III 11'1,1. I I I I -_. __ ... _--------_._--------.-----_ .... _-_. .,...-----_._------.---I I I 1 I I I I I , I 1 1 I I i .... il 1 I I -----------------------------------------------------. . . . H' +, + 1 I I I I I I I I .. J I I _I:' I I II I I I I I-In'traduced PAGE 250 Ca T I. 1'"11.: Shrub. G .... I" al. f,..ado D .... I ,.r" G.nIP. r Go barbed_n 5 lel.nd ( I ) Ga III Id G",aplra discolor Lan.I ... bloll" d Ever.lad .cabr. 'ti.l".-t .c. Rou.h lua'de C,. ... wood H l'. "" ..... "1\1 ... III "tch-h.:o;.' H II. p."t.ne (I) Sca,..l .... b"ah 104 1 ta ... ';l. (2) Prickl"d pear Picram;li! B i t"t.:::!r-kiush f'i:=onia Ar N c: S H C S N C S H C S H C S C 5 H C H C S N S S S S H C s H C S N C S H C 5 S S Co Hu.b.r .SttttStttt22.22222 S 23. I 7 t 23. S C 7. : t 23. 5 C I I I I I l I I i 1+1 I t 1+1 II HI I I 1+ I I ---------------... --.. .. --I I I I I I -I I I I I 1+1 I I 1 1+1 I I 1+1 1 1 1+1 1 I I I II I I I I I I 1+ I I I I I + .11 I I + I I II + II -----------------------------------...... +1+1 I I I I I I I II .11 I I I 14-1 1 1 I I I I I ----..:..------------,-------... -----;,..-.. ... 1+1+1 I J I I I II 1 1 I I I I I "if. 1 I I 1 I 1 1 .. .. --------I 1 I 1+1 1+1+'+1 I 1+1+1 I I I 1+1 l 1 < 1+1 II I I I I 1+1 I 1+1+1 I I I I I I I 1 .+1 I I I 1+1 I I I I ________________ .... ________________ .... .... __ I I + I I I I I 1+11 I I 1+' I 1 .+1 , I I I,ll 1 -... ... I I I II II 1+1 I I I 1+1 I I fli II I. 1, I -------..:.---------------------------.. .. I I I 1 1 I ,HI+) I I 1 1 I 11.IIIi'lf.l ,III I ----------. ----.--------..:.----.---..: ....... ----'-----., .. ---;;;. ...... I II I I I I , J I I 1+1 I I .. 1 I II, I I I ... --"':.-"'; '+1+1+1+1 I : I , I I I I II 11 I I I I I : I + I + .1+ I + I I I I I I I I ,I. I I I I. I I II 1 .'_ I I , : I I II I I I 1+' I I ... II , 11' 1 .... ----.... --I 1 I I : I I I I I I I 1+1+1 I 'I I I I I t \ I : : 51 PAGE 253 Co Fi 1.: Shrub. Ca"t'. claw P i-tto\.c.l Jobi\l. Ca""t'. claw (1) Join'tw d i.br,a"t. (2) Wi ld buckw ...... -t .acrap .... JOin"tw d Wood ... wi,...w d a flow.,.. Prunu. qanicula-ta "Plu .. Sc,.. .... b W Pr\lnus u.b.lla'ta (1) Ply. Fla"twood. Pru"". u.ba a-t& (Z) Ply .. -Ho. Paidj",. 4\,1aJay& neryo WIld ri du. (1) P.nn .... ro ..... l rt.idu. (2) Wi-ld Quercus pUili la Oak Randia acule&"ta (t) Bo;;:-priar Randia (2) Whit-!$; indtc;o b.rr .... in-=: Pl\-,t1I D o,..1 inca .-Ck :::'r<3.<::"""ter i Z i N-Hor'th C-Cen"tr.l "'" .. S S C C N C C H C S 5 H C H C 5 5 C C N C 5 S 5 N C 5 S S-Sou1:h Cauvftt -t Huabttr .'. 1 I i I t 1 t I t I Z I I Z Z 2 t t 234 I 87. I 8 I 2345.7 a I 8.2 3 4S. h' I I I I I j I J I I '.1 I II ,t It J Ie. I 1+11 I I I I I I I I I 1+1 I I I I I I I I I I I ... ... I I I-I I I I I I .. I I I I I I 1 1 1 1 I I I I I I I I I 1+1 I I I I .1 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I ----------------..,._:....--------------------------'--------I I I 1+1 I I 1 I I I I I I I I I I I , I I I I .... I I I_I I I I .I I II I I I II I I I II I II II I I I I 1+1 I I I II I I I I I I I J I I I I I I I I 1 I 1+1 I I II I I I I I III II I I I II I II I I II I I I 1 1 I I I I 1 1+ 1 I I .I I I I I I I II I ..... .. ---I I I I I 1+1+1 I I I I I I I I I I I I I II 1 1 I i I I I I I 1+1+1 I I 1 1 I I I I I I I : I I I I (1 II I I I I 1' 1 I I II I I I I I I I I I I I 1+111 I I .. .... I I I I 1 1 I I I I I I HI_I I I j f I I I II',', 1 1 ---_ .... _---------_._-------_ ..;..;.._.:..._------."""-------... I I I I I 1+11 I I I I I I 11 I I I I II I 1 :11 I ------.;.. .... ... I I I I HI I I I I I 1 I. I I I I I II I II I . ... -------------------------------------... ----.----------. .. ... I I 1+ 1_1+ I + I + I + I I : I,. I I I II I I I I I I I I I I 1+ I I i I I I 1+1 I I I 1+1 I I I I I I I 1 1 11 I I I +1 I I I I I + I I II I + I I I I I I" I I I it I I ----------------. ------:----.,---.,----.,--------t-----I + I + I I I I I I I I I I I + : +1 I I 1 I I I I I 1 1 -I : I I I I '1 1 I I I I I 1+' I I I I I I I 11 : : ,. . ,59 PAGE 254 ,. EcoJo.sca. Co Tabl. File: Shrub. Rh car lft,a C.rallnA Pal. Naadl. Rhodod.ndron (I) Azal ... O,.a,.. Rhodod.ftdroft (2) Aza a florada Fl Chap.an'. rhododendron Rhododendron .e",,..u-Jetu. Azalea -H ock.w Rhododend,..on vi.coau. Azal -Swa ... Rhu 1_.,.. Su.ac S.oo-th Rhu. (t) SUflac ShinSn. Rhu. (2) SUMac -FJ I Rib "hln.llu. Gao "t ie-a nus co ",,, 1. C -tarb.an Saba Pal "'t-to -Sa ... ",b 5 .... 1 .1nar el) P.I IIwArf 5 .... 1 .Inar (2) PaJ "''t _c, 11",.-."1" Sa.q.re1:i. .. inu-tt,o]:I_ Buci("'thorn c&n&dsnsja Sa1:vl"'e:jl1 ask.i' i _$a-to..raJa. ri':;!ida . ScaYola ..... tI H " H H N N C S C S H C S C S C S C S N C 5 C S C S 5 S-Sau'th t ttl I I I I I I I I 2 I 2 2 3 I 7 12 3 4 I I 7 a I 1 2 3 4 S & Itt I 1+1 I 1 1 1+ t I I I I I I I 1 1 I I 1 1 I I 1 I I I 1 I I 1+1 I I 1 I I I 1t1+1 I I I I I I I I I 1+1 1 I 1 I I I I 1 I I I I I 1+1 I I I I II I I I I 1+1 I 1 I I I I 1 1 I I I I 1 1+1 1 I I I I I I I I II I 1+1-I I I I I I I I I I t I I Itl I I I I I I II I 1 1 I I I I I 1 I I I I I I I I+ltl I I I I ------------------------------------.------... ----,...------I I I I 1+1 1 I I I I I 1 I I I I j ii-I I I I I 1 I r;r;;;;;;;r;;;r;;-;-;;;;;;;;;;;-rrriirrr-r;-;-; -----------... I I I I 1 1 I 111 1+.1+1+1+1+1 1 11,.1+1+1 1 1 I 1 1 ...... ------------I 1 1 I I 1 I 1 I 1.1+1+1+1+1+1: I I I 1+1+1 I i I I .---------------... ... --------... --------------I 1 I I 1 1 1 1 I I 1 1+1 I 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 I 1 1 1 1 1 1+1 I 1 I I 1+1 I I 1 1 I 1 1 I 1+1+1 1+1+1 1 I 1 1+ 1 I 1 I f 1 1 1 II 1 1 I I I 1 1 1 1 1 I I 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1+1 1.1 I 1 Fi 1 1 I I 1 1 1 1 1 1 I 1 I 1 ... f -r_: r I I 'I I I I 1 1 I I I : 1 I I r I I I I : : J In-troduced 60 PAGE 255 Ecolo.laal Tabl. FII.: Shrub. Sah' ..... "'.r.bl .... hlf'.II_ Sahoo.f'I. (1) Wni-tewood (2) G,.. ...,-twi S.b "t j ana 'r ...... co.':' ,Gulf' ba.otten& S.,..noe repe"s Sawpal_ 't'ta S bania dr ...... ond. Ra't'tl.box S ban'. exaJ ... -ta S .,anl. S ban S 'c.r (I) Bladder.od S aania y (Z) Ba ... od ... n't Hackl.aa po4 J at ft Bl"."por-terw d "',. 1'1'01,. 11add.,.,nu't S ... "war'tia 1.coC.endron Ca llia Silk .. S'tr-UllJlf' ar' 't - S'tor4x Su,..{anil ,.j"'ti,.a B"a",,:,c.cia,.. "tinc"torl& T ... -t"'az""\!'<;11a -Flo,..ida Thezpeff1a l'1ahoa S_a:std. +-Occurs N-Nor-th Ar C S S 5 H C ... C S ... C S ... C S ... C S H C S N C S S C ... ... S C S ... 5 S S-Soy'th 1 lIt tIl 1 I Z Z Z Z Z Z Z t 2 3 4557 ISO 1 Z 3 4 S 5 7 ISO t 2 '345 S I I + I I I I I I I + I I I I I + I I I I I +1 I I + I I + I + I I I I I 1 I I I 1 I II I 1 1+1 I I 1 I 1 I I 1 1 I I 1 II I I I I I 1 1 I II I 1+1 1 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 1+1 I I II I I I 1+1 I I I I I 1.1+1 1+1+1+1+1+1 I 1+1+1 I 1+1 I 1 1 1+1 I I I It I I I I 1 I 1+1+1 I 1 I 1 I I I I I I r I I I I I I I 1+1+1 1+1+1+1+1+1 I 1+1+1 I 1+1 I I I 1+1 I I I 1+1 1 ------------... ... ------.. -I II I I II 1 I I I I I I J I I I 1 1 1 1 r 1 1+1+1 . . ------------------------------------------------_ ... _-I I 1 I I I I I I I I 1 1 I I I I I I I 1 i I 1+1+1 I I + I I I t II I I I I II +1 I 11t"+ I f I I I II I I 1+1 I I 1 I I 1+1 Ii' I 1 1 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 1+1 1 I I I 1 I I I I I i 1 1+1 I. I I 1 1 I I I I I '+1 I I I 1 1 I 1 1 I II I I I 1 I I I i I I I II I I I I I 1+1 I I I 1+1 1 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II I II I 1+1 I I 1+1 I I I I I I I-I I 1 I I I I II I I J I 1 I I I .I I .I I I 1 1 I I r 1 1 1+1 1 1 I I 1+1 I I I i II I I I t III I I I I II 1 I I I 1+1 I I 1+1 +1' I 1 I I I I I I I I I I I II I I I I I I I t I I 1+1 I I I I I I I I I I I I 1-1 n-troducad PAGE 256 ,. Eeola.tc .. l C . ","''t''t T ..... FII.: Shr"b. Th.ve't ,."",.a .. a L",ek","u't Taur"ft.f'o'"''t,a S 1.",."d.,. Toxicod.nd,.on ,..dlca ... Potson oak Toxicodendron yerfttx Poison su .. ac VacGift1u. 6rbor.u. (1) Spa,..kl.b.,.,. ... Vaeclntue arbor.",e (Z. f"arkleberr" Vacc:lniull .PP. Blueb.rr" ViburnuM A,.rrowwood v l bur. nulli nudu. Pe.su.h.' w Viburnu. Blackhaw Vtbu,.null ,.uf't'du.l". RUtli"t ... blackhaw )(1 nl&' a ..... lca.,.. Tall"o ...... oocf Yucca .101"01,a Span i.h kh,,,one-t Yucca f,l n-to B.arqr& -Ada "eddIe Yuc:c Ior'o Yucca Hound).l" 2alllia iloridana -Florida 2&,.14 pUl'Ji la Coon"'tia Eas't Coas"'t 2al'lia -:rpp. CoC..:ati(l W-Char.:.c"":,;;;r' i::.: i +-Occut". N-Not"tk C-C.n-tr. J -r s S II C II .. II II C .. C .. .. C II S II C S .. C S C .. C S II C II C S S S S-Sou'th II 11.1111.11112122 ., 3 4 .5.7 I I I 13.5 I 1 II 1+1 I 1+1 I I .1 II III I I II 'II I I ---.... --------------------------.-----------...... .;.-... I 1+1 I I II I I I I I I I I I III I I I I I I I I .-____ r ..-_________ __ I I I 1+1+, II II 1+11 I 1+111 i I II I I I f I I III It I HI I I I III I I I I 1 1 11+1. I III . -. . ----------------------------------------_._----------I I /+I+la'+I+1 I lal II I," I 1.1+1 1 II I ... ..... .----.--, ..:.----- I I 1+.+11+ .. I I 1+1 IT 1+11 i iH,tl+t I I I .. ;-i-;-;-;-i-;-;--I-;-r;.,-;;...' -t. ] .. :l,.f T I .. i '.'i.i '. ---... ------.--------.... _____ :....;.:.;... .. 4 ... :;lio ..... ... - 1 i I I I 1 11+1+1 I '.III"r11 t,ll' .a.a'+I+I+' I j 1 1+1 I I 1+1 I LI:' fl' il '-JI I --. .... ... ............ ... I I 11+11 I .. ,tll I ---:--------------.. ... .. I I 1+' 1 I I I I III I Itl I I 1 '11, 1 ,'1. ('.11 I ... 1+1+1 1+.-1+1+' 1+1 I II I I I 1 1 1 ' 1 ./"'11.' 1 I I _______________ .... :-.:..--,;i... _..: I HI I I I I I I I I li+I+1 I I 111'11 i_iJ :tl --------:"';:----... II I I I I I I I II 1 I 1,./ I I 11" r I 1 1 I I ----------... ... J-In-troduced ,'j PAGE 257 Eco-loqtcal Co ... un-tot"" Tabl. Fi Ie: Shrubs faq4ra (2) Y.IJow .... al"'''t 2an"thox'41ufYI hlI""5-U"t"'" Hercul J-club ",. .. S .. H .-Ci-,'l,..,t.e"t(!r i:z i nq +-Occu,... N-Nol""1:h C-C.,,'tral S-Sou'th" <'o unl't;,' Hu...... '111 It I t f .. : 2 .' 2 2 222 2 t 23,415 8 '7 it I 2:'14 sa '7 5,_ 113 4 .$' II t I I I I 11.11 t I t+ t I I J *-'" I 1 II I II' ... .... 1+ I i '1 I I t I I I 1+ I + I I I t -t I 1' 1 Iii ftl I ______ ra.. 6) PAGE 259 APPENDIX C ECOLOGICAL COMMUNITY ANIMAL TABLES PAGE 261 These tables are a listing of wildlife species by ecological community occurrence. The tables are divided into Amphibians, Birds, Mammals and Reptiles. The tables were prepared by drawing primarily from range and habitat descriptions in the references listed at the end of the tables. These tables are intended only as a guide--obviously not all animals occurring in Florida (seasonally or resident) are listed, and even those that are listed might occur in communities in addition to those shown. The tables can be expanded as additional knowledge is gained. The tables show regional occurrence within the state (see Climatic Zones map). This becomes important when a community occurs in all three climatic zones, but a particular species is found in only certain areas. An example of this would be the pine vole, Pitymys parvulus, which occurs in the Longleaf PineTurkey Oak community, but only in the Florida panhandle. The table indicates that this species would not be found in the Central or South zones. The term "characterizing" as used in these tables indicates that this particular species is one of the characteristic animals of a community. Due to the secretive nature of most wildlife species, you mayor may not see them there. i PAGE 262 BIRDS 1. Anhinga 26. Pelicans 2. Blackbirds and Orioles 27. Quail 3. Bluebirds 28. Rails 4. Buntings 29. Shorebirds 5. Cardinal 30. Shirkes 6. Chickadees and Titmice 31-Sparrows 7. Cranes and Limpkins 32. Swallows 8. Comorants 33. Starlings 9. Coots and Gallinules 34. Swifts 10. Crows 35. Tanagers 11. Cuckoo 36. Thrashers 12. Doves 37. Thrushes 13. Ducks 38. Towhees 14. Flycatchers 39. Turkeys 15. Gnatcatcher 40. Vireos 16. Goatsuckers 41. Vultures 17. Grebes 42. Warblers 18. Gulls and Terns 43. Waxwings 19. Hawks, Eagles, and Kites 44. Woodpeckers 20. Herons, Egrets, Ibis, Bitterns 45. Wrens 21. Jays 22. Kingfisher 23. Mockingbird 24. Nuthatches and Creepers 25. Owls ii PAGE 263 , -1 .... 1_1 1 C_ .... 'II". .. ,. ..,..,.11"". ""0. C,.tak.-t It" ....... S.I ..... d .... -,.Ia-t"ood. .. S.J ..... ... bl.d Al!lb,,. 'tc,.. -tel Sala nd.-'-"01" A.b".to Sal _nde ... TI .. A .... hJu..' ena .A .... h1u lwa-i-oecf lufo ......... c lc:utI! _. Toad O.k .. -te"r To.dD s.i ..... ci .. -Ihl.k", Eu" ,."c ....... S.l "d." . JD".I ... ;.d. .' 5.1 ..... d.". -Th" : 11 ... d W'ii.la a ....... ""011 -c -In.,.. Fro. c,..ual'(." .... . ... ...... II. .'''';0 .. -.: H,,)a oc" F r'09, ':" U :;t-tH, ....... M..,la .".,...Icalo_r. :', ,F,.,o'li Gr ..; ........ 4ua: dr_i d : i gft.-tu, s .-", ..... ,.., : P is . '" S a S 1 '. $ . ';';' Chbp.. 'ulr ,. ... .. HCa c ......... '" .......... .. ...... . I f t I , ." i z a I I II a 4 . '1' Z3 4 If. 'I' II :I 4 II I 1 0 t I i+,.,., ... i+.+IH I I l.i.1 I '+1+1+1+1+'+1+1 N ... --.. ---------,,""-----.,;..p.------------I t II Il+tll. 1 I,ll I I I I I II II I I 1+1 . ... ------N e I I.,L 1 I I I I I IHI I II. I I I i ____ ;.;..-i---__ .... __ ... __ :..:, ____ ________________ .... ___ ..; ________ N c II 1+1111 1 1+1+1 1 I I I Ii 1+111 I I I.. I N C N C Ii ... ... ... I I j 1 .. 11 111I 1 I II II I F 11 I I i 1+ l+ I N C S I 1 1+ r+1 1!l1!l1+I j 1 III ill 1 1 I I 1 1 I 1 11 ... ... --.---------:...----..;-..;...;-. ... H C S I I Itltl+l+i+; lil+l. l I I+i: I I ... 1 1 11.1 II I ... ----.. :..---.... ... .;;,.---:..:...-.:..-.... -----,. r C S N I 11'1 II I I 111I II I 1+1 I 1+1+1 I 11 I I -----... .---_. ... --_ ... _---------------------------... ... _----. I. ,JI I II 1 1 11: 1+1 .'-1. 1+111+1+1+1 II I I H I r l 1 1 1 I I 1 : 1 1+1 I II 1+11 1 .+1+1+111 I H ... .., _________ .L_--.--.. C S 1 I 1 1 1+1+1+"1+ 1 1+1+1+1+1 1+\+1 I I ,al 1+1+1+1+1 ... N C I I I '11+1+1+1+1 I i+I+1 I I 1+11 1+1.1+1 I I II .. .... N c s. ... 1 loti lal.I+1 HII II I I I II 1 I i 1 II II ..... ------: ... N CS 1 .. '1 t ,.III+LI+I I 1 1 I lal.1 .. 1'.1+1 1+1. +1+1+1 .. H C ')1. I II Falco :5P&r .... eri .... s Lt"t:'tle. kas-tr.l florid!; c4G:l""'yle& .Heron blue F .... lica americana" CoC'-t .-Cha. .... +-Occur. N-No,..1:h C-C .,,-t,..a l ..... C " C S C S N C S N C S N C S N C S N C S N C S N C S N C S N C S C S N C N C S N N C S N C S N C S N C II S-Sciu'th I 1 I I 1 lit I. I a. II I I Z 3 4'.7 a,. I Z 3 4$.".' .,1:1 4 51 1+1+1.1.'.1.1.1.1+1+.+1+1.1+'+, t HI 1+1+1+1 .+, ---------------------------------_ ......... ------_ ... _------I+'+I+I+I+I+.+I+I+ ----------------------------------------------------1+1+1+'+I+I+i+ +I+'+'+'+'+I+I+'+I+I+I+I+'+'+I+I+'+' .... -.. ..... ---------------------------------_ ........ ... _--..... _._----_ .... '-1+1+1+1*1*1 +1+1 I *. 1+1.' I j L 1+1+, I I I I j"-j"-j:,-j"-j"-,:,-j"-j"-j"-j"-j"-j;j-j"-i]i7iiirj-rj-j:"j"-j" -----------------------------... --... ... + '+1 + .+ '.1 + ,.,_, + '+.+ 1 1 ___________ ..:.. ____________________ __ +..oI .. _Jr;_ .... .... __ ..... .... -_ I I 1.1*'+1 1+' I I I j II, I I ________ _______________________ ______ __ .. I I 1 +1+1+. '+'+1+. I .+1 I' I I 1+1+1+. , 'J I , , ,+, , I '+1 1+.+. , I I 1+1+1 1+1+1 , I I I , '+'+'1 I 1+'+1 '+1+'+.+1+'.'.' +'.,+'+'+.+'+'+.+1+.+1+'+'+.*1-' I ., I I I I I iI 1 I '+1+1+1+1 ,.,+' 1+1+1+1 ... .;: .-..---.-.------.-..;.---..,.----;,.-----,.;. I I Ii] I .. I I I I , I I I t I I I I I 1_'.' PAGE 268 ,. --Ecolo.ical Tabl. fil.: Bird. G llnul. florida lllftule 'trlch Y.llow 'throa't Gru. can.d.".i. C .... n. S.ndhlll Ha H.li JeuGocephalus bald Tnrush H.,...I't Ic:'taria vi,...n. Yellow-bre *.d Ch.* Ie .... ,."'. .... uri-u. 0,.. 'c;ii I. -' Orchard Jr.doprocn. ,btco]ar Swa. low ir Lanlu., ludovlc; nu. Shr_ik. Lo rk .,d La,...",. .,. n-ta-tu. Gull "'.rrlno Lar,,' d. I ewar".ns.. 'Gull Rlno-billed :thule E",r,.-t S"o ... Kln.fl.her. -B.I*.d N.I.n.ro ..... c:.rol .... lnu. WQQdpack.,... -Red b.lli.d Wcodp.cker Rad h d.d Turke .... Me)ospiza georqiana Sparrow -Swa.p H.losPlza lodi. Sparr-ow Sonq l1erq.JS +-Occur. C-C .,"tral Are. N C S N C S N C S N C S N C S N C S H C S H N C S N C S N C S N C S N C S H C S C S C S C S H C S H C H C S S-Sou*h f ttl f t ttl 122 2 2 2 2 2 1 23 4 5 C 7 1 2 3 4 5 S 7 t 2 3 4 5 S I I I I I I I 1 I 1 II 1.1 I '+1+1 1 I 1+1 I 111111111 I I 1 I I 1+1 I , 1 , 1 I I 1 1 1+' I '+""111'+1 , I 1 I '+1 1+1 ,+, I I I I 1+1 I 1 I I I I 1+'111'111' '+1+11 I I I Ii, I I I 1 1+1+1 1 I I I I I I I I I 1+1 I I I I 1+1+1 I 1+1 I I 1+1 I 1 1 1 I I I ,,,,,,'11111111+1 '+'''''''''1 I I I I 1"1"1 I I I ----------------------------------------------------I I '+1+1 I I 1 1+' 1 1+1 I I 1+' I I I I I I I I I I 1+' +1 ,+ I + I I I I I I I I I I I I I 111111111 + I 1 I 1 I I I I I I I I 1+1111' I I , I 1111'111' I I' , I I I I I 1+1111' I I I I I , I I I I I I , , II I ,+ I + I + I +1 I + I I I + I + I +, I I I II I , I I I I I I I I 1+1+1l1li+1+1 I 111111111+1 1+1+1+'11111111111111111111 1111'111'11111111 11111 I+J I 11111+1 I I I I 1+1 j 11111+1+1+1 I I : I I I I II I I I I II I I I I I I 1 I I 1+1+;1111+ I I I I I 1+ 1+1+1 I I j+ .. I I I I I I I I I 1+1 :+1+1 I I I II I I I I I I I I I I I I 1+1 I I I I I I I I-In-t,.oduced ..... 6 PAGE 269 EGolo.S .... Co unS-t" Tabl. FII.: II ..... "i." .... I".la't-'to. "oc:k-ift"bi,.d ......... ft C I) Ibi. Wood ""IC't.,.1 a .... ,... cane 2 ) Wood .'tor" C,.. -t.d yaol.c H"C'tiCO,.. .. x _ft .... C'tlCOr:o H.ron Black-crowned "t.h* i. Owl Scr ch ".ndlo,,' hal "t". Par,,). a rlGa"a Warbl.,. .Pa,..ula Par". bic:olor ".r". carolln .,.J. Chickad P ,.. dO 't'Gua Sparrow En.liah ...... ,.S". elroS. PaJn'tad bun't'n. ... l.c.nu P.l ican Wh:l-te P.lacanu. P.ISean -B,.own Phalacroco,.ax 4urJ"t'ua Phi Jonala .inor"' Woodcock PScoidcs corsalis R.d cockad.d PicoJdGS Woodpecker Pipilo +-Occu,... N-Nor'th .... N C S C S C II C S C II C S C S C II C S C C C S C S C II H C Ii H C II H C S H C S C S H C S , t , t t Z Z Z Z Z 2 2 Z 3 S 7 Z 3. II S 7 2 3 4 5 S ,.,.,+,-,.,.,.,+,+,+ ,.1+,+,., , .+, , 1 I I I I I I I : : I I I I 1+' +, +J + I ,+, : : +: : I I 1 1 1 I I I , I , '+I+,+i+l ,+, , 1+1 '+1+1.'.1.1+'+' I '_I_I '+1_1 1+1 I. 1+1+1 1+1 I I I --------------------------------... .... --... .. ---------I I 1 I I I II I I+i I i ,+. I I I ------... --------------------------_ ........... '-----------I I I I' I I I I II '+111:1 ,+i 1+1 I HI+I I ,-,-, .. .. ,-TirrTlUri-;-,-,-, _______________ __________________ ... .i ... I I I 1+' I_I I I 1.1.1 I I_I 16' t o""1 I I 1 I 1+1+ I + I I I I I I I I + I I I I I 1 1 +1 1 I I I ________________________________ .... __ ___ _________ 1 I I I I I I I 1 I I I I I I I f 0 1+ i + II I. I I 1 + I I -------...;-----------------.... -------.... ------.-----------I I I I I I I 1 1 I I I I I 1 1 I f +11 I 1 I i I I 1 1 1 I I I I I I , I 1+1 1+1 1 I I 1 1 1 1 1 I 1 1-1+1+1 1 I 1.1.' I I I 1+1 I 1+1_1+1+1 1 I 1 I I 1+1+1+1+1 1 I I I I 1 I I I I 1 I. I 1 I I I I 1+1+1+1+1.1+1+1+1+1+1 ...... '+1+1.1+1+1 I '.1.1+1 I I : '.'+1 1 I '.1 1+1 I I I : I-Jn-trodUced" PAGE 270 Ecolo.I'c:al Co unl't'llll T -.bl. Fi I.: Sir-d. "sran.a_Mlttra Su ,.. 't.n .... ,.. podSc.p. PI.d-blll q,..b. ca.,..u) ra.lneu. Spa,..,..o... V ,..r p,.o." ubsa 5 ... al10... P .urlll ,.-tin Pro'tono'tarla WarbJe,.. Out.calu. G,.ackl. CO.llon RaJJus .1 n. R.1l 1(1". lon.lro.'t,.. R.t I CI ...... ,. Ro.-trh ua .oc ] Is E".,. ad. k.'t. E S.Ju,.ua auraaa_.llu. O"en-bS,.d Sla. 1 i_ Bluebl,.d caroltftena'. Nu'tha'tch Wht-ta-b,. s't.d SI't't ... ".llla Hu'tha'tan Brownh d.d -cunicul.,.i. Owl Bu,.rowln. (t) Yellow- III.d sapsuck., Spiz.lla pas r.n. Sparro w Chlp.in. Spizif:l}a pusilla spa,..,..ow Ft.ld Plov,. Black-beill.d +-Occura C-C.n'tral A" C:S C S H C S H c: H c: S H C S H C S H C S H C S S N c: S H c: S N C S c: S H c: S C S H C S H C S H C S H C S S-Sou'th t 1 1 t 1 till 2 2 2 2 22 2 1 Z 3 4 8 7 I t 23. S S 7 a S 2 3 $ S IIIIWIW .. I+l+lllwl+I,"IIIIII+I+II.I'11 1 I I I I I I I I 1 1 I I I I I I I I 1 1 I I I 1+1 I I I 1 1+1+1+1+1+1 1+1+1+1 I I+I+IWI I I I I I I 1+1 I 1+1 I I I I II I I I I I I I I I I I 1+1. I 1 1 I I I I 1+1+1+1+1+1 1+1' 1+1 1+1 I I 1+1 I 1 I l+i+I+1 I I I I I I I I II I 1+1 I I I IWI I I 1+1 I 1 I II 1+1+1 I 1 I Iw1w,wl I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 1+1 1 .+1 1 '1+1 ,I Iwlwl 1 I I I I II I I I I I 1 1 I I I I IWI; II II I I I I -----------.;".--------_.'--------........... _-_ _--'-----_.-.-I I I I I I I I I I 1 I I I I I I j I I I I l+i+1 I l+i+I+IWlwl+IWI I I Iwl+1 I +IWII+.' I HI+I 1+1 i I I I I I I 1 '+'1' 1 II I 1+1+1 1+'+' I I I 1+1 i I I 1 I I ---------.;...;.------------.. ... ----..;. 1 1 'WI I I IW' I 1 1 1+1 I I 1 1 1 I II 1+I .w'.I+lwl I I I I 1 I I 1 I I I I I ..... It" ------_._--------------..;--. ._------------_ ... _--_ ...... ... .... -I I 1+IWIW.I+I., I I I 4 I I 1 I II T I I I I 1 ----... .... -----------.... --------... --------..;. 1 1 I II 1 +, 1+ I 1+11' I I I I I I I 'I I I. I It I 1 I I 1+1+1+1 1+1+1+1'+1 1+1'+1+1+1 I 1+1+1 I I 1 I I ----------------------------------------------------I I I 1+1+1+1+1+1 1+1+1+1 1 I r I 1+( I I I I 1 + I + 1 1 +I 1+ 1 I j I : I I I I I I I II I 1+ I I I I --------... .1-1-1 I I I I I I 1 I I 1 I I I I I 1 I I' I I' I 1 1 ----------------------------.... -------------"":'-. ---------I-I,,'traduced ,. . 8 PAGE 271 Ecolo.lc.1 Co T.bl. fl:" Bird. .. Swallow -Rou.h w'n d S-T,.I. ",ar,. Owl I.,.,...d S'tu,.. ... J 1_ "a tI dowl.,.k 5turnua ""a ,.,. S't.,..lin. Th.l .., axl ..,. T.,.." '-Ko..,.' ludoy.c Wren -Caral"'na Toxoa"ta ruf\,. T.h,. h.,.. ,Irown T ... tn 01t .... ,.. Sandpi ... ,.. .. don Wren Hov T"rd" Robin Kln9bl,.d E .Ib. Owl B.rn V.,...II"O,... a.laota Warbl.,. O,..an -crowned V,,.ao al'tIJo."". V ,lr.o .lack-w"I .... r.d _Vi,..eo .,.., "'. Vireo VI,..eo ollY.Gaous Vireo R.d-.".d "',-J50n14 ci-'trina W.)o,..bler !-loaded Zenaida ri1&cl""oura Do",. Hournin"l albiccillis Sparrow Wh "-ta--throa-tad ..... N c: S es C S N C S N C S N C S t s c S N C S N C S N C 5 N e S N e 5 H e S S H e S H e S H H C S H e S , 1 1 , , Z Z Z Z Z 2 1 2 3 4 S I 7 a e Z 3 5 6 7 a e I 234 5 I I I 1+1+1 1+1+1 I I I I I I I I I 1 1 1 I 1+1+1'+' '.1., I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 1+1+1 I I I I I 1+1 ,+,+1+1+'+,+,+1+,.,.,+,+,+,+,.' I 1.'.'+1+1 I , I I I 1+ 1-1.1 I I I I I I I 1.1 I I_I I I I 1+1+1_1 . I 1+1+' I 1+1 -1+' i I 1+'+1 I 1-' 1+1+1+1+1.1+1+1 I 1+1.1 I I 1+1 I II i'I" I I I I I I '1+1 1+' I I I I I I 1+1 1.1 I 1+1+1 I 1+1 I I i I I I I II I I I 1+' I I 1,.1 1+1_1 I 1+1 1+1 I .1.1+1 I' I I I I I I 1+1 I I I I 1+ I.! I I I I + I I ,.,+ I I II I I : I I I I .I I I I 1+1+1 I I I I .. I ,.,.,+' I I I I I 1+1 I '.1 I 1+1 I I I 1+1+1 1+1 I I 1+1+1 I 1+1 1+1 I 1+1+1 ,., I 1 1 1-ln'troduGed ,. 9 PAGE 272 !. Co Tabl. Fl Ie: "a I. a.a",.,.. D no", A,.. dlillo Di, d ",hs. vtrqli"'.a"a OPpo u. Felts cancolor Florida Geo"". Goph.r yol.". -. Sau1::h.r1\ "I"S"II L'-I!nx r"Yf'". lobc:; .. -t "a,:tha"'t1 phl't'. Skunk S-trl .. "us