VENTRAL SURFACE

 Setae: Ventral submarginal setae (Fig. 8, P)
 are arranged in an even or irregular row around
 the submargin of body. Although there is some
 variation in shape and number (Fig. 9, C), most
 of them are slender and acute; therefore, they
 are not important as taxonomic characters. Body
 setae (Fig. 8, D) numerous in some species,
 sparse in others, usually resemble ventral sub-
 marginal setae, and are scattered randomly over
 the body. However, sometimes several setae are
 found clustered near the coxa. A varying number
 of interantennal setae is not normally used as a
 primary character except for a few taxa such as
 Pulvinaria citricola (Fig. 70, K) which has inter-
 antennal setae that often have bulbous expan-
 sions near the apex. Interantennal setae, how-
 ever, are occasionally used as secondary
 characters. Usually 3 pairs of large setae, termed
 prevulvar setae, are found anterior to the vulva
 on abdominal segments 6, 7, and 8; but, in Cero-
 plastes, Kilifia, and Protopulvinaria there is only
 one pair. In Toumeyella, the prevulvar setae are
 variable.
 Eyes: Eyes were detected in many of the
species studied. They occur on or near the
margin anterior to the antennae. They are ap-
parently of no taxonomic importance.
 Antennae (Fig. 8, A): In most Coccidae, the
antennae are long, fairly slender, 6 to
8-segmented, with the third segment usually
longest. The second antenna segment in all
species seen has a sensory pore. The terminal or
apical segment has several fleshy and several
more slender, hair-like setae. The 2 subapical
segments usually possess 1 fleshy sensory seta
each, which extends toward the antenna apex.
Occasionally, the 3rd and 4th segments are par-
tially or completely fused, in 1 or both antennae.
Antennae of the Coccidae may be well developed
(Fig. 8, A), slightly reduced (Fig. 23, F), or
greatly reduced (Fig. 92, K). In Inglisia vitrea,
the antennae are reduced to 1 segment. The size
and number of antennal segments is useful in
separating some genera and species.
 Clypeolabral shield: Located on the head,
between the bases of the anterior legs; often
possessing a pair of slender setae.
 Labium: Cone-shaped, appears I-segmented,
usually with 3 to 5 setae on each side.
 Legs: The legs are 5-segmented and generally
well developed in most genera of Coccidae. The
trochanter of all species studied had 2 sensory
pores on each face, and each tarsus 'was fitted
with a claw. Legs may be well developed, as in
Ceroplastes floridensis (Fig. 19); slightly re-


duced, as in Eulecanium caryae (Fig. 43);
greatly reduced, as in Toumeyella cerifera (Fig.
92), or entirely absent, as in Inglisia vitrea (Fig.
45). The tibia and tarsus may articulate and have
an articulatory sclerosis (Fig. 10, A); the tibia
and tarsus may be fused, without a sclerosis (Fig.
10, B); or the tibiotarsal sclerosis may be present,
without free articulation (Fig. 10, C). The tarsus
and claw of each leg possess a pair of digitules.
The tarsal digitules are equal, slender, apically
knobbed; the claw digitules may be unequal in
shape (Fig. 10, D) or equal in shape (Fig. 10, E).
The claw may have a denticle (Fig. 10, D), or
may be simple without a denticle (Fig. 10, E).
The reduction of legs, the presence or absence of
tibiotarsal sclerosis and free articulation, shape
of the claw digitules, and presence or absence of
a claw denticle are useful taxonomic characters.
 Spiracles: The two pairs of spiracles are
located on the thorax; the anterior pair believed
to be on the borderline between the prothorax
and mesothorax, the posterior pair between the
mesothorax and metathorax. The posterior pair
is normally larger. In most species studied, the
spiracles are similar in structure and do not ap-
pear to be of use in classification. However, in
Pulvinaria psidii, each spiracle is surrounded by
a sclerotic plate (Fig. 10, F), a character which
immediately separates it from other members of
the genus. In the genus Toumeyella, the spiracles
are larger in proportion to the body size than in
most other genera. In the genus Eulecanium, the
peritreme of the thoracic spiracles is longer than
the length of the coxae (Fig. 43) and is used as a
generic character.
 Pores: Quinquelocular pores (Fig. 8, C) are
found in the spiracular pore bands and around
the spiracles in most species. In the genera In-
glisia, Toumeyella, Pseudophilippia, and
Neolecanium, they are also found in the ab-
dominal region (Fig. 94, K) where they replace
the mqltilocular pores found in most species. In
Eulecanium caryae, quinquelocular pores are
also located on the inner margin of the anal cleft
(Fig. 43, F). Multilocular pores, most of which
are 10-loculed (Fig. 8, F), occur in the anal area,
in transverse bands on the abdomen, and occa-
sionally on the thorax near the coxae; sometimes
a few occur in the spiracular furrows of some
species, but are numerous in Toumeyella cerifera
(Fig. 92, M). In Pulvinariafloccifera (Fig. 75, P)
the multilocular pores in the anal area are mostly
7-loculed, and in P. citricola (Fig. 70, N), most
are 8-loculed. Various types of ventral pores are
illustrated in Fig. 10, G. The type, position, and
number of pores are useful taxonomic characters.
 Ducts: Microducts (Fig. 8, B) were detected