or cylindrical with apices pointed, blunt, or
capitate (Fig. 9, B).
 Spiracular setae (Fig. 8, M): All species
 studied, except Pseudophilippia quaintancii and
 Toumeyella parvicornis, had spiracular setae
 which could be differentiated from marginal
 setae. Spiracular setae in most species are in
 groups of 3, terminating each spiracular pore
 band, but in the genus Ceroplastes (Fig. 11, E),
 they may number 90 or more. There are various
 shapes and sizes (Fig. 9, D) throughout the fam-
 ily Coccidae. The shape and number of
 spiracular setae are of taxonomic importance in
 separating genera and species.
 Submarginal tubercles (Fig. 8, L): These are
 round tubercles surrounding a central in-
 vaginated tube; they occur in the dorsal sub-
 marginal area around the body. These tubercles
 are present in some genera and species, and ab-
 sent in others. They are usually quite large and
 vary in number, even within the same species.
 Parthenolecanium persicae (Fig. 59, B) may have
 up to 20 pairs. The number of submarginal
 tubercless serves as a good character to separate
 some species.
 Pores: Dorsal pores (Fig. 8, T) are numerous
 and quite variable. Usually pores are scattered
 over the entire dorsum; however, in the genus
 Ceroplastes, there is a varying number of large,
 clear areas on the derm in which pores are ap-
 parently absent (Fig. 11). In addition to the
 pores which occur generally over the dorsum,
 many species possess discoidal pores in the area
 around or anterior to the anal plates. Discoidal
 pores are usually much larger than dorsal pores,
 and may be simple and rather flat, convex, or
 even conical (Fig. 9, G). Various types of dorsal
 pores are illustrated in (Fig. 9, E, F). Types of
 dorsal pores include: monolecular ring pores
 (Fig. 13, I), bilocular pores (Fig. 8, N), barred
 bilocular pores (Fig. 19, G), irregular bilocular
 pores (Fig. 19, H), 8-shaped pores (Fig. 52, E),
 triangular trilocular pores (Fig. 13, E), oval or
 irregular trilocular pores (Fig. 25, F),
 quadrilocular pores (Fig. 13, F), cruciform pores
 (Fig. 33, G), quinquelocular pores (Fig. 8, C),
 simple disc pores (Fig. 33, F), thick rimmed disc
 pores (Fig. 13, I), and conical disc pores (Fig. 13,
 J). Specialized types of invaginated pores were
 found in two species of Coccidae studied: in
 Pseudophilippia quaintancii, the derm is covered
 with numerous large invaginated bilocular pores
 (Fig. 67, Ei), and in Toumeyella parvicornis,
small bilocular pores are invaginated and tend to
aggregate into groups or form pore pirates (Fig.
96, D) on the derm. The arrangement, number,
and types of pores are taxonomic characters used


to separate some genera and many species of
Coccidae.
 Ducts: Tubular ducts (Fig. 8, H) with slender
 inner filaments are scattered over the dorsum of
 several species of Eulecanium, Par-
 thenolecanium, Luzulaspis, and Pulvinaria.
 They are occasionally found in limited numbers
 around the margin of Coccus hesperidum.
 Filamentous ducts (Fig. 13, K) are found around
 the margin of Ceroplastes ceriferus and on the
 dorsum and margin of Vinsonia stellifera.

 Anal plates (Fig. 8, G1, Ga): The anal plates
 are located at the anterior end of the anal cleft
 above the opening of the anal tube. They vary in
 shape but are most often triangular. They are
 generally supported by two sclerotic, internal
 processes termed the ventral thickenings. These
 plates are present in all adult female Coccidae
 except the genus Physokermes.
 Setae are found on various parts of the anal
plates (Fig. 10, K, L); as apical setae at, or near,
the apices; subdiscal setae on the caudolateral
margin anterior of the apex; discal setae on the
mid-dorsal surface; subapical setae on the ven-
tral surface and ventral thickening; fringe setae
along the margin of the fold made by the in-
vagination of the anal tube; and hypopygial setae
on the ventral surface of the body just anterior to
this fold. Several genera have anal plates or
associated setae which are distinctive.
Pseudophilippia (Fig. 67) has nearly semicircular
anal plates. In Protopulvinaria (Fig. 65) the anal
plates are at least 4 times longer than wide. The
anal plates of Ceroplastes are borne at the apex
of a sclerotized and usually elevated process (Fig.
11). Anal plates in the genus Saissetia possess a
single large discal seta on each plate.
 Anal ring (Fig. 8, U): The anal ring is borne
at the inner end of the anal tube which is
retracted into te a he abdomen. The anal tube is
eversible and is extended out past the anal plates
for waste removal to avoid contamination of the
anal area. The anal ring has 6 to 12 setae and
numerous translucent wax pores (Fig. 10, H).
The setae may all be of th same e size, or one pair
may be smaller than the others. Generally there
are 8 setae, but members of Neolecanium and
Toumeyella have 10. In the genus Ceroplastes,
the second pair of anal ring setae is near the third
pair; thus, only 6 setae are seen on the anal ring,
when there are actually 8.
 The vulva is located at the 8th abdominal
segment, on the ventral side of the body anterior
to the anal cleft. In most species, it is very dif-
ficult to detect.