suM--Derm slightly sclerotized at maturity.
Body setae (Fig. 78, C) with large bases,
spinelike, tapering to a sharp point, scattered ex-
cept for double longitudinal rows on mid-
dorsum. Submarginal tubercles absent. Small
bilocular pores (Fig. 78, E) scattered over dor-
sum. Disc pores (Fig. 78, G) anterior to anal
plates number 20-30. Anal plates slender,
triangular, cephalolateral margin concave,
caudolateral margin longest, each plate with 4
apical and 2 subapical setae. VENTER-Antennae
8-segmented. Legs normal, but small in relation
to body size; tibiotarsal scleroses and free ar-
ticulation present. Quinquelocular pores (Fig.
78, L) in spiracular furrows, 30 to 80 pores in
each furrow. Multilocular pores (Fig. 78, M)
with 10 loculi, in vulvar area and in transverse
rows on preceding abdominal segments. Three
sizes of tubular ducts; larger ducts (Fig. 78, 0)
scattered over abdomen; a submarginal band on
abdomen and thorax; and a few ducts on head.
MARGIN-Marginal setae (Fig. 78, B) spinelike,
stout, blunt apex. Spiracular setae (Fig. 78, D) in
groups of 3, medial seta ca. 2.5 X the length of
laterals, slightly curved, blunt.
DISTRIBUTION: Map XXXI. Widespread in
the United States. Foreign: Canada.


 Map XXXI. Distribution of Pulvinaria innumerabilis.

BIOLOGY: Putnam (1880) studied the biology in
detail. Young females overwinter on twigs and
branches, and they reach full maturity in early


spring. In April and May they secrete a white
cottony ovisac. The nymphs migrate to leaves to
feed and migrate back to twigs and stems before
leaf drop in the fall. Males emerge in the fall,
mate with available females, and soon die.
Unfertilized females produce eggs, but all prog-
eny are males (Phillips 1962).
ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE: Apparently not
economically important in Florida, because of
the natural parasite and predator pressures.
However, it has been an occasional pest of
economic importance in other states.
REMARKS: Cottony maple scale, P. in-
numerabilis, and cottony maple leaf scale, P.
acericola, have been confused even though they
are morphologically quite different. The confu-
sion perhaps resulted from the similarity of com-
mon names and hosts. In addition to their
distinct morphology, their life history is dif-
ferent. Also, cottony maple scale produces the
ovisac on the stems and branches, whereas cot-
tony maple leaf scale produces the ovisac on the
leaves.
MATERIAL STUDIED: FLORIDA: Ft. Ogden,
1(1), Quercus nigra, 5-11-1981, Z. Smith; Ft.
Pickens, 1(1), Ceratiola ericoides, 6-V-1980, D.
Reese; Gainesville, 1(1), Quercus laurifolia,
16-V-1978, L. A. Hetrick; Glen St. Mary, 1(1),
Myrica cerifera, 12-IV-1978, C. Webb and A. E.
Graham; Hobe Sound, 1(1), Ceratiola ericoides,
4-V-1978, E. W. Campbell; Port St. Lucie, 2(2),
Ilex glabra, 12-V-1978, Solidago sp.,
23-VII-1980, E. W. Campbell; Steinhatchee,
1(1), Salix sp., 5-XI-1980, F. McHenry; White
City, 1(1), Amelopsis sp., 23-VII-1979, E. W.
Campbell; Yalaha, 1(1), Carya sp., 6-IV-1978,
G. T. Smith.




 PULVINARIA PSIDII Maskell

SYNONYMS: Pulvinaria psidii Maskell 1893:
 223
 Pulvinaria cupaniae Cockerell,
 Green 1909:265
 Pulvinaria cussoniae Hall, Hodg-
 son 1968:168
 Pulvinaria gymnosporiae Hall,
 Hodgson 1968:168
 Chloropulvinaria psidii (Mas-
 kell), Borchsenius 1957:217
COMMON NAME: green shield scale
FIELD DESCRIPTION: Female oval, smooth,
and moderately convex before egg deposition and
deep green, but gradually becomes lighter in