spp.) species of Canada. Williams and Kosztarab
(1972) studied 32 species in 11 genera in their
"Coccidae of Virginia". In recent years some
good revisionary works have been published.
These include: Gimpel et al. (1974) on the
Ceroplastes of the United States (11 spp.); Cill et
al. (1977) presented a review of the genus Coccus
in North America north of Panama (8 spp.); Ray
and Williams (1980, 1981, 1982, 1983) published
comprehensive descriptions of all developmental
stages for species in the genera Eucalymnatus,
Neolecanium, Protopulvinaria, and
Pseudophilippia; and Nakahara (1981) presented
a discussion on the placement of 12 species of soft
scales assigned to the genus Lecanium which are
today placed in the genera Eulecanium,
Mesolecanium, Parthenolecanium, and Sphaero-
lecanium.
 Classification of soft scales by early workers
 was based largely 'on the adult females, and
 chiefly on the gross appearance of the fully
 mature female. Because of this practice, many
 species and genera are poorly defined, and
 therefore, some genera include an assemblage of
 unrelated species. Using modern microscopic
 techniques, most species and genera in the
 United States have been redefined; however,
 revisionary studies of genera such as Par-
 thenolecanium and Pulvinaria are urgently
 needed.




 GENERAL MORPHOLOGY
 OF THE ADULT FEMALE

 Body shape: The body as it appears on a
prepared microscope slide (Fig. 8) is usually sub-
circular, elliptical, or pyriform, varying both
with the species and the age of the specimens
studied. At the posterior end of the body is the
anal cleft which extends into the body as far as
the anal plates (Fig. 8, Gi, G2). Usually the anal
cleft is only about 1/6 the body length, but in the
genus Protopulvinaria, the anal cleft extends
almost to the center of the body (Fig. 65).
Spiracular depressions are usually found on the
margin at the spiracular setae. Spiracular setae
may be well developed and numerous as in the
genus Ceroplastes (Fig. 23) or absent as in some
species of Toumeyella (Fig. 96).
 Derm: The derm in immature specimens and
young adult females is usually membranous. The
dorsal derm of many species becomes heavily
sclerotized with age, particularly after oviposi-
tion. The appendages, mouth-parts, and anal
plates of all species studied were sclerotized in all


stages. Often the sclerotized dorsal derm has
clear areas around some of the dorsal pores, giv-
ing the derm a cell-like appearance (Fig. 84).
This character is especially developed in the
genus Saissetia. In the genera Eucalymnatus and
Parasaissetia, the derm is divided into plate-like
areas (Fig. 41) or polygonal reticulations (Fig.
54).
 Segmentation: No indication of segmentation
 is found on the dorsal derm of the Coccidae (Fig.
 8). In most species, ventral segmentation is
 obscure, but usually can be detected in the mid-
 abdominal and mid-thoracic regions.
 Head and thoracic segments of the Coccidae
 are closely fused. However, certain structures are
 present which indicate segmentation. The anten-
 nae and mouthparts are on the head, and in
 many species, eyes are also present. The legs,
 spiracles, spiracular pore bands, and spiracular
 setae mark the thoracic segments.
 The abdominal segments are indicated in the
 mid-ventral region of most species and are evi-
 dent except near the anal area.
 In the Coccidae the anal opening is found on
 the 11th abdominal segment, and usually the
 11th as well as the 10th segment is reduced. The
 only fixed abdominal structure is the gonopore
 (Ferris 1955); therefore the vulva of the Coccidae
 lies on the 8th abdominal segment. As for the rest
 of the segmentation, we agree with Sulc (1932),
 that the 9th segment is composed of the anal
 plates, the 10th segment is the anal ring and fold,
 and the 11th segment is the membrane covering
 the anal opening. Counting forward from the
 anal ring to the metathorax, segment 2 is the first
 visible abdominal segment. Apparently segments
 1 and 2 are fused.




 DORSAL SURFACE AND MARGIN

 Setae: Marginal setae (Fig. 8, 0) occur in all
Coccidae, although they are difficult to observe
in some species. Marginal setae in most species
are slender and acute, but in others they are ex-
tremely variable (Fig. 9, A), being conical, stout,
hair-like, curved or straight, bifid, fringed, or
dentate, with apex acute, blunt, or expanded.
The numbers of marginal setae around the head
between the anterior spiracular setae, and also
between the anterior and posterior spiracular
setae are of taxonomic value. Body setae (Fig. 8)
are normally scattered randomly over the body,
but occasionally, as in Parthenolecanium corni
(Fig. 56), form 1 or 2 longitudinal, mid-dorsal
rows. Usually body setae are spine-like, hair-like,