types. Submarginal tubercles present or absent.
Anal plates with varying numbers of apical,
subapical, and fringe setae. Antennae well
developed, 6 to 8-segmented. Legs well
developed with tibiotarsal sclerotization and free
articulation (except Pulvinaria ericicola McCon-
nell). Quinquelocular pores in spiracular pore
bands. Multilocular pores in vulvar area, in
transverse bands on abdomen, usually few near
each coxae. Tubular ducts present or absent on
dorsum; numerous on venter in submarginal
band and several scattered elsewhere. Well
developed anal ring with numerous wax pores
and 8 long setae. Marginal setae variable in
shape. Spiracular setae different from marginal
setae, usually median seta 2 or 3X longer than
lateral setae.
NOTES: Members of this group tend to be
polyphagous. The eggs are protected by a "cot-
tony" ovisac secreted by the tubular ducts on the
venter of the abdomen. The old female wrinkles
up at the anterior end of the ovisac and remains
there in most species, but usually falls off in
Pulvinaria floccifera (Westwood). Steinweden
(1946) revised the genus Pulvinaria in North
America.
 Species of Pulvinaria recorded from the
southeastern United States include: P. acericola,
P. citricola, P. elongata, P. ericicola, P. floc-
cifera, P. hydrangeae, P. innumerabilis, P. psidii
and P. urbicola.


KEY TO SPECIES OF PUL VINARIA

1. Tibiotarsal sclerosis and free articulation
 present; large discoidal pores absent on
 dorsum anterior to anal plates ........ 2
1'. Tibiotarsal sclerosis and free articulation
 absent; with large discoidal pores on
 dorsum anterior to anal plates .ericicola
2(1). Marginal setae stout, usually strongly
 expanded, fringed, or dentate apically,
 spiracles surrounded by oval sclerotized
 plate ............... ....... p dii
2'. Marginal setae variable, never strongly
 expanded, fringed, or dentate apically,
 spiracles not surrounded by oval sclero-
 tizedplate ... ....... ...... ... 3
3(2). Marginal setae long, stout, spike-like,
 thick throughout their length, with
 blunt apices ............ innumerabilis
3'. Marginal setae not spike-like and thick
 throughout their length, with apices
 acute or variously fringed ... ..4


4(3). Dorsal setae lanceolate; ventral tubular
 ducts in a narrow submarginal band;
 marginal setae long, slender, set closely
 to each other; on sugarcane and grasses .
 ........... .. ... .... elongate
4'. Dorsal setae not lanceolate; ventral tu-
 bular ducts in a broad band; marginal
 setae various; on different hosts ......5
5(4). Submarginal tubercles present e .... 6
5' Submarginal tubercles absent ....... 8
6(5). Anal region of venter with predomi-
 nantly 10-loculed multilocular pores;
 many ventral tubular ducts in sub-
 marginal areaofhead ...... acericola
6'. Anal region of venter with predomi-
 nantly 6 to 8-loculed multilocular pores;
 few ventral tubular ducts in submargi-
 nalarea of head ..................7
7(6). With 4-11 submarginal tubercles around
 body; 7-10 long setae between antennal
 bases ................. . floccifera
7'. With at most 1 or 2 submarginal tu-
 bercles around body; 4-7 long setae be-
 tween antenna bases .. ...... urbicola
8(5). Anal plate with subdiscal seta removed
 about one third from apex on caudo-
 lateral margin; with 40-50 dorsal dis
 coldal pores in an elongate cluster an-
 terior to analplates........ hydrangeae
8'. Anal plate without a subdiscal seta; with
 0-20 dorsal discoidal pores anterior to
 anal plates ............ .. ..... 9
9(8). Marginal setae acute; 1 or 2 setae be-
 tween antennae with bulbous expan-
 sions; dorsal discoidal pores anterior to
 anal plates absent .. .. citricola
9'. Most marginal setae bifid or fringed;
 setae between antennae without bulbous
 expansions; 7-20 dorsal discoidal pores
 anteriorto anal plates ........urbicola




 PULVINARIA ACERICOLA
 (Walsh and Riley)

SYNONYMS: Lecanium acericola Walsh &
 Riley 1868:14
 Pulvinaria acericola (Walsh &
 Riley), Cockerell 1896a:329,
 Howard 1898:57