spiracular furrows. Donsu--Derm mem-
branous to slightly sclerotized. Body setae (Fig.
59, D) stout, conical, pointed and of 2 sizes:
larger ones located mid-dorsally from anterior of
anal plates to near anterior margin; smaller ones
randomly scattered over body surface. Sub-
marginal tubercles (Fig. 59, B) number 24-34
around submargin. Numerous bilocular (Fig. 59,
F) and disc pores (Fig. 59, G) randomly scat-
tered. Tubular ducts absent. Larger discoidal
pores (Fig. 59, H) confined to area anterior of
anal plates. Anal plates triangular with caudal

4 subapital setae. VENT Membranous.
Antennae 8-segmented. Legs with tibiotarsal
sclerosis and free articulation; claw with denti-
cle near apex. Submarginal setae in double row
with a group of 4-7 setae near posterior end of
anal cleft. Spiracular furrows 3 or 4 quin-
quelocular pores wide (Fig. 59, N). Multilocular
pores (Fig. 59, 0) in vulvar area, in transverse
rows on abdomen, in clusters mesad of each
coxa. Tubular ducts with broad inner filament

cephalothorax (Fig. 59, Q); ducts with slender
filaments (Fig. 59, R) in submargin and medial
area of abdomen. MARGIN-Marginal setae (Fig.
59, C) long, slender, slightly curved, pointed.
Spiracular setae (Fig. 59, E) in groups of 3, about
same length as marginal setae, laterals slightly
shorter than medial seta.
DISTRIBUTION: Not reported from Florida.
AL, CA, DC, ID, IN, MA, MD, MO, MS, NC,
NJ, NM, NY, OH, OR, PA, RI, SC, TX, UT, VA.
Foreign: Algeria, Argentina, Australia,
Bulgaria, Corsica, Czechoslovakia, Egypt,
France, India, Iran, Italy, Korea, Morocco, New
Zealand, Portugal, Sicily, Spain, Switzerland,
Turkey, USSR, and Yugoslavia.
BIOLOGY: Polyphagous on leaves, stems, and
twigs. According to Williams and Kosztarab
(1972), 2nd instars overwinter and mature
females begin laying eggs in May. The crawlers
hatch and migrate to the underside of leaves and
new growth.
ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE: European peach
scale is primarily a pest of ornamentals in the U.
S. and will kill the host if not controlled
(Williams & Kosztarab 1972). Borchsenius
(1957) indicated this scale insect was a pest of
grapes, fruit crops, and ornamentals in the
USSR.
NATURAL ENEMIES: Some of those parasites
listed by Peck (1963) and Krombein et al. (1979)
are as follows: Coccophagus fraternus Howard,
FL; C. lycimniae (Walker), cosmopolitan; En-


cyrtus fuscu (Howard), AL; Pospaltella auran-
tii (Howard), cosmopolitan; Tetrastichus
minutes (Howard), FL. In Australia the encyrtid
Metaphycus timberlakei controlled P. perseae
(Bartlett in Clausen ed. 1978).
REMARKS: This scale insect has been reported
in Florida by Merrill and Chaffin (1923) and
Merrill (1953); however, we have been unable to
confirm these records. The 24-34 submarginal
tubercles around the dorsal submargin is a
distinguishing character of this scale and will
separate it from related species in the U. S.
MATERIAL STUDIED: No Florida material
available for study. VIRGINIA: Blacksburg,
1(1), barberry, 22-IV-1969, M. Williams;
Blacksburg, 1(2), barberry, 5-V-1969, M.
Williams.




PARTHENOLECANIUM QUERCIFEX
 (Fitch)

SYNONYMS: Lecanium quercifex Fitch 1859:
 805
 L. quercitronis Fitch, Signoret
 1873:426, Williams & Kosz-
 tarab 1972:97
 L. quercitronis var. kermoides
 Tyrell, Williams & Kosztarab
 1972:97
 L. (Eulecanium) quercitronis
 (Fitch), Williams & Kosztarab
 1972:97
 Eulecanium quercifex (Fitch),
 Williams & Kosztarab 1972:97
 Parthenolecanium quercifex
 (Fitch), Nakahara 1981:285
COMMON NAME: oak lecanium
FIELD DESCRIPTION: (Fig. 60) According to
Merrill (1953), this soft scale is elliptical, quite
convex, and more or less tapering at the ends.
The color is light to dark brown and nearly
always has 2 large lateral humps. In Florida, it is
found only on oak trees. Length 4.0-7.0 mm,
width 3.0-5.0 mm.
DESCRIPTION: (Fig. 61) Williams and
Kosztarab (1972) were unable to consistently
separate P. quercifex from P. corni and because
of this placed it in the "corni complex". For a
description of L. quercifex refer to the descrip-
tion of Parthenolecanium corni.
DISTRIBUTION: Map XXII. Probably occurs
in most of eastern U. S. and Canada (Merrill
1953).