BIOLOGY: The magnolia scale is viviparous,
and produces one generation a year in Virginia
(Williams & Kosztarab 1972).
ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE: Magnolia scale
may cause localized damage, and large amounts
of honeydew may attract other noxious insects
and promotes the growth of sooty fungus
(Williams & Kosztarab 1972).
REMARKS: According to Williams and
Kosztarab (1972), magnolia scale is one of the
largest scale insects in the United States. The
dense pattern of small 8-shaped pores on the dor-
sum, reduced legs, and reduced antennae will
separate this species from all others in Florida.
MATERIAL STUDIED: VIRGINIA;
Blacksburg, 1(1), Magnolia stellata,
13-VIII-1969, M. Williams, VPI; Pulaska
County, 1(1), unknown host, 16-VII-1972, E.
Harris, VPI. FLORIDA: Jefferson County, 6(6),
Magnolia grandiflora, 7-V-1968, W. H. Whit-
comb.




Genus PARASAISSETIA Takahashi, 1955a

TYPE SPECIES: Saissetia nigra Nietner, 1861.
DESCRIPTION: Body of adult female
moderately convex and broad when on leaves,
highly convex and elongate when on stems.
Derm heavily sclerotized, divided into polygonal
cell-like reticulations. Dorsal body setae cylin-
drical or capitate. Submarginal tubercles pres-
ent. Anal plates without discal setae. Anal ring
with 8 setae. Antennae well developed, 7 to
8-segmented. Legs well developed without
tibiotarsal sclerosis or free articulation. Quin-
quelocular pores in spiracular furrows.
Multilocular pores in vulvar area and transverse
rows on abdomen. Tubular ducts in ventral sub-
marginal band. Marginal setae pointed, blunt,
variously frayed, or fringed. Spiracular setae in
groups of 3, median seta longest.
NOTES: The eggs are protected by the body of
the adult female until hatching. The only species
of Parasaissetia occurring in North America is the
nigra scale, P. nigra. Two other species are
known from Africa.



 PARASAISSETIA NIGRA (Nietner)

 SYNONYMS: Lecanium ntgrum Nietner 1861:
 9


Lecanium depressum Targioni,
 Smith 1944:235.
Lecanium simulans Douglas,
 Smith 1944:235.
Lecanium depressum Signoret,
 Douglas 1887a:21
Lecanium begoniae Douglas,
 Smith 1944:235.
Lecanium (Saissetia) nigrum
 Nietner, Cockerell & Parrott
 1899:163
Lecanium (Saissetia) nigrum
 var. begoniae (Douglas),
 Cockerell & Parrott 1899:163.
Saissetia nigra (Nietner), King
 1902:296
Saissetia depressa (Targioni),
 King 1902a:296
Saissetia begoniae (Douglas),
 King 1902a:296
Coccus nigrum (Nietner), Kirk-
 aldy 1902:105
Saissetia depressa var. simulans
 (Douglas), Fernald 1903:201,
 Smith 1944:235
Lecanium pseudonigrum Ku-
 wana, Smith 1944:235
Parasaissetia nigra (Nietner),
 Takahashi 1955a:26


Fig. 53. Parasaissetia nigra, adult females, DPI Photo 700497.