31, F) in vulvar area with 7-8 loculi, few on
preceding segments. MARGIN-Marginal setae
(Fig. 31, 0) slender, pointed, bifid, or slightly
fimbriate. Spiracular setae (Fig. 31, M) 3 with
median seta about 3X longer than laterals.
DISTRIBUTION: Map IX. HI. Foreign:
Bahama Islands, Honduras, India, and Sri
Lanka.


 Map IX. Distribution of Coccus capparidis.

BIOLOGY: The only available information is
that C. capparidis occurs on the underside of
leaves.
ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE: Apparently not
economically important in Florida.
REMARKS: This species can be separated from
other Florida species of Coccus because of the
shape of anal plates, clavate dorsal setae, the
absence of ventral tubular ducts on mid-region of
thorax, and the absence of tibiotarsal scleroses.
MATERIAL STUDIED: FLORIDA:
Homestead, 1(1), Aralia balfouriana,
15-11-1978, A. Hamon and H. von Wald; Miami,
2(2), Citrus sp., 9-VII-1974, D. Sager; 1(1),
Nerium oleander, 7-V-1980, W. P. Henderson
and R. E. Burns; St. Lucie Co., 1(1), Diospyros
virginiana, 29-VII-1980, E. W. Campbell;
Stuart, 2(2), Acrostichum aureum,
23-VIII-1976, S. P. Beidler; Titusville, 1(1),
Citrus sinensis, 4-III-1981, R. E. Birns; Walton,
1(1), Diospyros virginiana, 22-IX-1980, E. W.
Campbell.


 COCCUS HESPERIDUM LINNAEUS

SYNONYMS: Coccus hesperidum Linnaeus
 1758:455.
 For a complete list of synonyms
 see Gill et al. 1977:18
COMMON NAME: brown soft scale
FIELD DESCRIPTION: Females (Fig. 32) oval
and slightly convex. Pale yellowish-green to
yellowish-brown, often mottled with brown
spots.
DESCRIPTION: (Fig. 33) Adult female elongate
oval, 1.5-4.0 mm long, 1.0-2.5 mm wide. DOR-
SUM Derm membranous or at most very slightly
sclerotized with small clear areas. Dorsal setae
(Fig. 33, C) spine-like with sharply pointed to
blunt apices. Submarginal tubercles (Fig. 33, E)
number 2-12 around body. Submarginal tubular
ducts (Fig. 33, I) present or absent. Preopercular
pores (Fig. 33, H) 6-33, often in close groups, in-
discernible in sclerotized specimens. Each anal
plate (Fig. 33, Ji) with 4 apical setae, with 2 or 3
subapical setae. VENTER--Derm membranous.
Antennae 7-segmented. Legs well developed
with tibiotarsal scleroses. Tubular ducts (Fig. 33,
Q) between mesothoracic and metathoracic legs,
sometimes at base of prothoracic legs, always
present near attachment of mesothoracic legs.
Multilocular pores (Fig. 33, 0) usually with 10
loculi, confined generally to vulvar area, very
few on preceding abdominal segments.
MARGIN-Marginal setae (Fig. 33, B) slender,
simple with few setae fimbriate, often curved.
Spiracular setae (Fig. 33, D) 3, median seta 2-4X
longer than laterals.
DISTRIBUTION: Map X. Cosmopolitan in
tropical and subtropical regions and in
greenhouses in northern regions (Gill et al.
1977). In North America, brown soft scale occurs
out of doors in the southern states, north to the
eastern seaboard of Virginia (Williams &
Kosztarab 1972).
BIOLOGY: All stages are found throughout the
year in warm areas of Florida in greenhouses.
The females are ovoviviparous, and males are
rare. They attack leaves and twigs. Young
females excrete large amounts of honeydew.
ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE: Talhouk (1975)
listed C. hesperidum as a major pest of Citrus in
Peru and Cyprus, and economically important in
China, Brazil, Israel, Italy, Mexico, Republic of
South Africa, Rhodesia, and the United States
(Texas). Only in unusual circumstances is brown
soft scale an economic pest of Citrus in Florida.
It is more often a pest of ornamentals but is
usually controlled by natural enemies (Fig. 34).