character and that he was quite desirous .... that Congress should have a very free hand with
 the new subject populations." Coudert, "Evolution of the Doctrine of Incorporation," 26
 Columbia Law Review 832 (1926).

 W. W. Willoughby, commenting on Downes v. Bidwell stressed the "character" of the population of
 these territories as having been the most important factor in influencing the doctrine. Willoughby, The
 Constitutional Law of the United States, I, 476.

18 Downes v. Bidwell 182 U. S. 244, 389-391.

19 190 U. S. 197 (1903).

20 30 Stat. 750.

21 Hawaii v. Mankichi 190 U. S. 197, 219.

22 Ibid., 221.

23 Ibid., 225.

24 Willoughby, The Constitutional Law of the United States, I, 497.

25 Quoted by J. W. Garner, "The Right of Jury Trial in the Dependencies." 40 American Law Review, 340 (1909).

26 195 U. S. 138 (1904).

27 Ibid., 143.

28 Ibid., 149.

29 Ibid., 154.

30 Ibid., 154.

31 197 U. S. 516 (1905).

32 Ibid., 519.

33 221 U. S. 325 (1911).

34 Ibid., 332.

35 234 U. S. 91 (1914).

36 Ibid., 98.

37 258 U. S. 298 (1922).

38 30 Stat. 951.

39 Balzac v. Porto Rico, 258 U. S. 298, 305-306.

40 Ibid., 306, 307.

41 Ibid., 310.