has voting representation in the Congress of the United
States: by two senators in the U.S. Senate and by one or
more representatives in the U.S. House of Representatives.
House seats are apportioned on the basis of population but
each state is entitled to at least one seat in the House
regardless of population. Residents of the 50 states and the
capital city known as the District of Columbia vote for the
President and the Vice-President of the United States. The
President is commander-in-chief of the armed forces. He
conducts the foreign policy of the United States. Residents
of the states are required to pay a proportionate share of the
expenses of the federal government through taxes.

WHAT IS INDEPENDENCE?
A. Independence means being a state (nation) which
exercises sovereignty (freedom from superior authority)
over its own territory, including land area, territorial waters,
and air space. An independent state may raise and support
armies, navies and air forces; wage war, conclude peace,
negotiate treaties, form alliances, coin money, and do all
other acts which free and independent states may of right
do.

WHAT IS AN INCORPORATED TERRITORY?
A. An incorporated territory is part of the Union to which the
U.S. Constitution automatically applies. An incorporated
territory is an incipient state which has a claim to, and a
promise of eventual statehood. The U.S. Constitution and
federal laws apply of their own force to incorporated
territories. Residents of incorporated territories are citizens
of the United States and enjoy all the rights, privileges and
immunities of the residents of the several states, (except
that they have no voting representation in Congress and
may not vote for the President and Vice-President of the
United States). However, residents of incorporated
territories are also required to pay a proportionate share of
the expenses of the federal government. (All of the
incorporated territories, including Alaska and Hawaii, have
been admitted to the Union as states.)

WHAT IS AN UNINCORPORATED TERRITORY?
A. An unincorporated territory belongs to the United States;
is under the sovereignty of the United States; but is not part
of the Union. Only the fundamental parts of the Constitution
apply of their own force in unincorporated territories. As an
example, the grand jury system and uniform tariff duties are


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