the last five days of the application interval populations con-
tinued to multiply. Lack of effective control during this period
was later confirmed by high infested bloom counts. A single ap-
plication of the attracticide system plus an insecticide spray im-
mediately suppressed the moth flight below the trap threshold,
providing effective control for nine days.

 The simultaneous application of the two systems, attracticide
and conventional insecticides, can provide more effective control
at a vulnerable point in the insect's life cycle. For example, killing
a single adult Heliothis female can protect the crop from 2,000
eggs. Furthermore, problems with the pest's resistance to
pyrethroid insecticides may be reduced because the combined
systems attack both larval and adult stages.
 Behavior-modifying chemicals are being investigated for use in
controlling the western corn rootworm, Diabrotica virgifera
Leconte. The system uses the insect's sex pheromone in microtube
formulation to draw adults into zones treated with arrestants and
compulsive feeding stimulants. Small quantities of insecticide are
mixed with the phagostimulants to kill the attracted adults. Con-


trol equal to that of conventional insecticide programs has been
achieved using just 2 % of the normal rate of the insecticide. The
technique is applicable to other pests and creates opportunities
for more expensive insecticides which are currently not cost effec-
tive but may be more suitable for other reasons.
 Concern for the quality of our environment has increased the
need to develop biorational approaches to pest control. Various
techniques employing behavior-modifying chemicals have been
integrated into management programs resulting in improved
control, both from an economic and environmental viewpoint.
The development of these techniques has taken years of careful
research with some disappointment that these innovative ap-
proaches to pest control have not become commercially available
more rapidly. But before these tools can be applied, much
knowledge must be obtained on the biology, behavior, chemistry
and physiology of the components. Significant improvements of
early techniques have improved their performance. The future
development and improvement of techniques employing
behavior-modifying chemicals will require participation of the
agricultural chemical industry, governments and farmers.


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J. Econ. Entomol. 66:507-10.
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