Table 4. Seed yields. Highest yields were from early plantings
and decreased almost linearly through March and April plant-
ings, with the lowest yielding plantings being in August. This is
largely due to disease damage from the fungus leaf and stem
black spot caused by Alternaria helianthi. Figure 1 shows progress
of the disease in the 16 August 1979, planting. This figure was
taken from the data shown in Table 11. The data in Table 4 show
that yields of at least 2,930 kg/ha are possible under Florida con-
ditions when conditions of weather, pests and diseases are not
limiting.



 Table 5. 200-seed weights. The weight of 200 seed is standard
among sunflower research scientists as a measure of plumpness or
fullness in achenes. For those who prefer the 1,000-seed weight,
this figure is multiplied by five. It is closely allied with the weight
per unit volume as shown in Table 6 and recorded as kilograms
per hectoliter. No data is shown for 1978 as the term was just
then beginning to surface, especially in the USDA National
Oilseed Sunflower Performance Trials in the USA.
 Earle, Vanetten, Clark and Wolff (1968) remarked on the dif-
ficulty of finding sufficiently detailed analytical information in
readily available journals on the sunflower characteristics. This
still holds today as regards the confectionery industry. They
showed figures for the 1,000-seed weight of some confectionery
types, which I have divided by 5 to compare with the current
usage: Arrowhead-18.2 g/200 seed; Mingren: 20.4; Mingren
large: 36.0; and Mingren small: 15.4. The Florida data show that
the 1979-grown seed weights approach that of Mingren and that
the 1980 seed approach that of small Mingren seed.


 In a paper on the industrial characteristics of the 1979 yields by
Green and Lofgren (1981), it was shown that seed from the
August planting date, being lighter, adhered more tightly to the
kernels, and gave the highest hullability scores ever recorded in
the trade. Therefore, every effort should be made to grow the
largest seed possible on very large heads so that shelling is
facilitated. Seed from the other three plantings in 1979 had very
acceptable hullibility scores.


 Table 6. Weight per volume of the achenes (kilograms per
hectoliter). Most of the equipment available in the USA is pint
or quart cups and convertible scales which weigh in avoirdupois
units and convert to pounds per bushel. In this paper, that
method of measurement was used, and the resulting figures for
pounds per bushel were multiplied by 1.287 to get kilograms per
hectoliter (kg/hi). The proposed rules of the US Federal Grain In-
spection Service suggest that oilseed sunflower seed weigh at least
25.0 pounds per bushel (32.2 kg/hl) for both US No. 1 and 2
seed. Minnesota standards are the same as those proposed by the
USA for oilseed sunflower, but in addition, Minnesota has
separate requirements for confectionery type. The minimum test
weight for the larger seeded types for grade No. 1 is 24 lbs/bu, or
30.0 kg/hl, at a maximum of 10% moisture; No. 2: 22 lbs/bu.
(28.3 kg/hl) at 12% moisture; and No. 3: 21 lbs/bu (27.0 kg/hl)
at 14% moisture.
 Achenes grown in two August 1978 tests and in the April 1979
test approached the Minnesota standard for MN No. 1 and in-
dividual entries exceeded the requirement. Achenes in the other
tests would have been very suitable for birdfeed, but would not
have been suitable for making whole sun-nuts for the trade.


VOL. XX-PROCEEDINGS of the CARIBBEAN FOOD CROPS SOCIETY


Table 4. Confection and Birdseed Sunflower Hybrid Characteristics, Gainesville, FL. 1978 1980. SEED YIELDS
Acc. Brand Hybrid 1978 1978 1978 1978 1979 1979 1979 1979 1980 1980 1980
No.---------------------------------- DateofPlanting------------------------ --------------------------------
 Mar 14 Apr 13 Aug 17(W) Aug 17(E) Feb 2 Feb 28 Apr 2 Aug 16 Mar 6 Mar 12 Aug 14
 ---------------------------------------------------k -g/na---------------------------- m---------------------------------
C-1 Dahlgren D-715 3000 860 ---- ----- -- -- --
C-2 Dahlgren D-717 3100 1340 -- -- --- -- -- -- -- --
C-3 Dahlgren D-818 2930 840 -- -- -- ---- ---- ---- 900 1780 Birds
C-4 Dahlgren D-719 1950 670 ---- -- --- -----
C-5 Dahlgren 0-821 2840 970 ---- -- ---- -- -------
C-6 Dahlgren D-823 2430 930-- -- --- --- -- -- -- --
C-7 Sheyenne 853 2670 880 -- --- 1680 2410 1550 1050-- --
C-8 Sheyenne 883 2970 730 910 -- -- -- -- -- --
C-9 Sheyenne 923 2830 950 1020 --- 1280 2030 1920 1280 -- --
C-10 Sigco 852 3610 950 1080 1370 ---- -- --- -- ----
C-11 Sigco 923 2810 950 1000 1200 --- -- -- ---- --
C-12 Sigco 924 4010 1020 1890 1290 1850 2620 1860 1150 570 1710 Birds
C-13 Dahlgren D-820 ---- ---- ---- ---- 1640 2320 1460 1120 550 1310 Birds
C-14 Dahlgren 0-933 ---- ---- ---- --- 1840 1970 1570 1120 790 1700 -
C-15 Dahlgren 0-716 ---- -- -- ---- 1800 2500 2060 1120 590 1180 Birds

C-16 Dahlgren D-722 --- ---- ------- --- --- --
C-17 Dahlgren 0-135 460 1460 Birds
C-18 Gurney Black
 stripe 650 ---- Birds
C-19 Gurney Mammoth Rus 800 ---. Birds
C-20 Interstate Sundak 690 1180 Birds
C-21 Sigco 934 ---- 1320 Birds
C-22 Interstate IS-924 -- 1770 Birds

Test Average 2930 910 1180 1290 1680 2310 1740 1140 670 1490 Birds


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