seeds. The pupal stage lasts for 7 to 10 days, and the adults may
remain in the seed for three days or longer.
 The main natural enemies recorded in Barbados were: Dinar-
mus vagabundus (Timberlake) and Zatropis sp. nr. bruchivorus
(Ashmead) (Pteromalidae).
 During 1975 and 1976, two parasites, D. vagabundus and
Dinarmus basalis (Rondani) were received from the Indian Sta-
tion of CIBC. Of these, 2,211 adults of the former and 1,300 of
the latter were released in the field. Although a few recoveries
were made, it is not known if the parasite(s) were indigenous or
introduced.


Minor Seed Pests
 A few insects of minor economic value, found damaging the
seeds were: Brachyacmapalpigera (Wlsm.) (Gelechiidae), Cathar-
tus quadricollis (Guer.) (Silvanidae), Pityophthorus xylotrupes
(Eichhoff) (Scolytidae), Trogoderma anthrenoides (Sharp)
(Dermestidae), Loberus sp. (Languriidae) and Stilbus sp.
(Phalacridae).


DISCUSSION


 In Barbados, three pests, Heliothis virescens (F.), Fundella
cistipennis (Dyar) and Callosobruchus chinensis (L.) inflict
serious damage to pigeon-pea pods. Over the years it was
estimated they destroy some 60% of the pods annually.
 Although a number of indigenous natural enemies were
recorded attacking eggs, larvae and pupae of these pests, their
populations were usually too low for adequate control.
 Between 1968 and 1983, a number of parasite species were in-
troduced from India, Pakistan, Uruguay, U.S.A. and the Eastern
Caribbean islands; 17 for the control of H. virescens, nine for F.
cistipennis and two for C. chinensis. Of these, two, species,
Bracon hebetor (Say) from India and Bracon sp. prob. hebetor
(Say) (close to Bracon brevicornis [Wesmeal]) from St. Vincent,
became established against Heliothis and Fundella. The levels of
parasitism by the latter species was 3.9% to 44.4% (average
35.2%) on H. virescens and 2.1% 70% (average 16.9%) on F.
cistipennis, between April and December 1983.


APPENDIX 1. Exotic natural enemies introduced against Heliothis virescens (F.),
between 1968-83, into Barbados, W.I.




Natural enemy Country/ Year No.Relea- Status
 origin introduced sed

Trichogrammatidae:
 Trichogramma achaeae Nagaraja India 1972 40,000 N.R.
 and Nagarkatti
 **Trichogramma chilotraeae India 1972-73 24,000 R.
 Nagaraja and Nagarkatti
 Trichogrammatoidea armigera India 1972, 1974
 Nagarkatti and 1975 14,000 N.R.
Ichneumonidae:
 **Campoletis chloridae Uchida India and 1968,1971-
 Pakistan 72,1975 &
 1982 2,280 R.
 **Campoletis flavicincta Uruguay 1981-82 1,330 R.
 (Ashmead) (through CIBC, (338 females
 Trinidad) and 992 males)
 Eriborus sp. India 1975 Figure not N.R.
 available
Braconidae:
 ***Apanteles marginiventris India and 1970 and 5,700 R.
 (Cresson) Pakistan 1975
 **Bracon hebetor (Say) India 1970 and 2,700 R.
 1975
 ***Bracon sp. prob. hebetor (Say) St. Vincent
 (close to Bracon brevicornis
 (Wesmeal)) 1983 12,000 R.
 (lab. bred)
Eulophidae:
 ***Trichospilus diatraeae Cherian India 1972 25,000 R.
 and Margabandhu (lab. bred)
Tachinidae:
 Drino imberbis Wiedemann India 1968-70 1,580 N.R.
 and 1975
 Eucarcelia illota Curran India 1968-69 1,100 N.R.
 Eucelatoria sp. India 1970 F.N.A. N.R.
 Eucelatoria bryani Sabrosky Arizona 1972-73 2,225 N.R.
 (USA, via (867 females)
 CIBC, T'dad)
 Exorista fallax Meigen India 1968 60 N.R.
 Goniophthalmus sp. India 1968 15 N.R.
Reduviidae:
 Rhinocoris marginatus Fab. India 1970-71 50 N.R.

KEY:
 R. = Recovered. N.R. = Not recovered
 ** = Recoveries not consistent. *** = Established permanently




 VOL. XX-PROCEEDINGS of the CARIBBEAN FOOD CROPS SOCIETY


APPENDIX 2. Exotic natural enemies introduced against Fundella cistipennis
(Dyar), between 1968-84, into Barbados, W.I.



 Natural enemy Country/ Year Norele- Status
 origin introduced ased


Braconidae:
 Bracon sp.
 Bracon cajani Mues.


Antigua
Trinidad


 Bracon thurberiphagae (Mues.) Trinid.d

 **Bracon hebetor (Say) India

***Bracon sp. prob. hebetor (Say) St. Vince
 (very close to Bracon
 brevicornis (Wesmeal))
 Apanteles etiellae Viereck Trinidad
 and St. K


 1984
 1968-70
 and 1974
 1968-70
 and 1974
 1970 and
 1975
mnt 1983


2,160
10,000
10,200

2,700

12,000


N.R.
N.R.
N.R.
R.

R.


 1968-69 and 244 N.R.
:itts


 Phanerotoma bennetti Mues. Trinidad 1969-70
Ichneumonidae:
 Eiphosoma annulatum (Cresson) Trinidad 1968-70


Bethylidae:
 Parasierola (=Perisierola)sp. Trinidad 1968


117 N.R.


394 Already
 present
 in B'dos

 79 -do-


APPENDIX 3: Exotic natural enemies introduced against Callosobruchus
 chinensis L., firing 1975-76, into Barbados, W.I.

Natural enemy Country/ Year No. rele- Status
 origin introduced asked


Pteromalidae:
 Dinarmus basalis (Rondani)
 Dinarmus vagabundus (Timb.)


India
India


1975-76 2,200 N.R.
1975-76 1,300 Alrea-
 dy pre-
 sent.


KEY:
 R. = Recovered N. R. = Not recovered
 ** = Recoveries not consistent *** = Established permanently


41