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date the solemn undertakings of the United States respecting this treaty.
 I have found myself in a comparable position as a conferee for the
 Sntwhich I have been very often, thoroughly disagreeing with a provision which the- Senate has inserted in a bill and then, in conference, fighting like a tiger for it, because that is my duty as a Senate conferee.
 Comparably, the opponents of the treaty may feel that the bounden obligation of the United States is our most precious possession, if the treaty is consented to by two-thirds of the Senate.
 So I would hope, and I believe the courts would certainly rule this way, that the matter having been submitted in a treaty and the treaty Leaving been approved as determined by the Constitution, the matter will be considered to have been settled.
 As to the right to argue the issue, I thoroughly agrree with that because it is our duty-and this is also Hornbook law-it is our duty to evaluate the constitutionality of our actions and to take that into account when we act, even though we may not be subject to correction in any court or in any other way.
 I am sure this is not going to be the last time we will argue this inatter. But I do hope very much that we can all agree, once the Senate has decided, as authorized by the Constitution, that that is th~e eud of the matter and that it will not be collaterally challenged. Mr. President, I have a note from Senator Allen indicating, as the author of the report to which I referred, that the meaning of the words which I quoted from the report of the Committee on Separation of Powers on pages 4 to 5, "acting independently of the Congress" meant acting independently of both Houses of the Congress.
 I put that in the Record, because I want the record to be very clear. I am pleased that that correction has been made because, otherwise, it simply negates itself.
 I thank the Chair.