55


 153-0. The Camnino Peal, highway across the Isthmus, was in use; also about this time Panama was incorporated into the Vice Royalty of New Granada; Panama retained much of its independent identity; British interest as part of concern with Spain.
 1814. Spanish attempts to construct a canal were interrupted by colonial revolts.
 1820-46

 1821. Panama, apart from New Granada, severed relations with Spain in the tide of Latin American independence movements.
 Panama at this time joined with New Granada in the Republic of Greater Colombi a.
 1831. Nev Granada became an independent republic incorporating Panama as an independent state.
 1841. Panama seceded from New Granada and m-taintained its independence for 13 months.

 1846-1901, U.S. INVOLVEMENT

 General-53 times, between 1846 and 1903, Pananma attemi-pted to secede f romt Colombia.
 Unrest had always existed.
 1846. After many years of interest, from the time of acqmiring, Florida, the United States sought to secure some formn of rights in' Panamia. Fear of B1ritish business interests prompted the United States to negotiate the Bidlack Treaty with New Granada. Under the treaty, the United States promised to insure that transit over the Isthmuts remained open and that New Granada would have its sovereignty over the area insured by the United States.
 1850. Unitel States signed the Clayton-Bulwer Treaty with England setting forth that neither the United States or Britain would exercise exclusive control over any canal over tile Isthmnus or fortify a canal.
 1853. Panama again seceded from New Granada.
 1856. U.S. troops were landed to protect the Panama Railroad. the first time U.S. troops were on the ground in tile country.
 1868-6'9. Secretary of State William H. Seward negotiated a treaty w,-ith Colombia which would have given the United States the exclusive right to construct a canal. It was rejected by the Colombian Senate.
 1878. French efforts at constructing a canal got under way; no conclusive decision over the French involvement in a canal project was ever made.
 1885. Revolution in Panama against Colombia.
 1889. Beinningr of 5-year revolt ag ainst Panama.
 1901. Negotiations of the Ijav-Pauncefote Treaty abrogating the 1850 Clayton-Bu Nier Treaty and clearing the way for U.S. negotiate t ions.
 190 1-0 3
 1902. IHerran, tlbe Colombian negotiator, began talks concerning the cai,al route for Colombia; Hay threatened that delay would result in rene wed negotiations with Nicaragua.