CANAL ZONE v. CHRISTIAN.

lie of Panami, December 2, 1903, and by the United States Senate February 23, 1904. This treaty, though having for its primary object the construction, maintenance and operation of an interoceanic canal connecting the Atlantic and Pacific oceans, granted to the United States other rights, powers and privileges incident thereto.
Article 2 of said treaty cedes to the United States in perpetuity the use, occupation and control of a zone of land and land under water for .he construction, maintenance, operation, sanitation and protection of said canal of a width of ten miles, extending to a distance of five miles on each side of the central line of the route of the canal to be constructed. The words granting "in perpetuity the use, occupation and control of a zone of land" to a sovereign power carry with them by implication the right, power and authority to establish and maintain all needful and necessary forms of government.
If there be a doubt as to this view, Article 3 of said treaty is more explicit, and is as follows:
The Republic of Panam' grants to the United States all the rights, power and authority within the zone mentioned and described in Article 2 of this agreement, and within the limits of all auxiliary lands and waters mentioned and described in Article 2, which the United States would possess and exercise if it were the sovereign of the territory within which said lands and waters are located, to the entire exclusion of the exercise by the Republic of Panamn of any such rights, power or authority.
This article of the treaty gives to the United States full power and authority to legislate for the Government of the Canal Zone.
The 21st Article of the treaty further provides:
The rights and privileges granted by the Republic of Panama to the United States in the preceding articles are understood to be free from all anterior debts, liens, trusts or liabilities, or concessions or privileges to other Governments, corporations, syndicates or individuals, and consequently, if there Should arise any claims on account of the present concessions and privileges or otherwise, the claimants shall resort to the Government of the Republic of Panama and not to the United States for any indemnity or compromise which may be required.
It was clearly the intention of the high contracting parties,

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