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administered the PPVT-R. If the child did not meet criteria for Oppositional Defiant Disorder and the child scored 70 or above on the PPVT-R, informed consent was obtained. Following informed consent, the first of two observations was videotaped. Next, fathers completed a demographic information questionnaire, the ECBI, the PSI and the PLOC-SF. Finally, the second observation was videotaped. After completion of data collection, the fathers in the non-referred sample were paid $20 for their participation.
All data on the clinic-referred sample used in this study were collected in a similar manner as part of a more extensive, standard assessment conducted for a treatment outcome study. The clinic-referred families were paid $50 for their participation in the standard assessment by the treatment outcome researchers. Unlike the non-referred group, however, the two videotaped observations of the clinic-referred group were collected over two visits with a week interval between each observation. The advantage of collecting observational data on two different days is that the combined data are thought to be more representative of a child's typical behavior. The obvious disadvantage, however, of requiring families to come to a laboratory for two visits is the increased probability of subject attrition after the first visit. The decision to conduct both videotaped observations of the non-referred group during one visit was made in order to maximize the probability of full participation in the study. Similar to the clinic-referred sample, the non-referred sample completed questionnaires in between the videotaped observations.
To assure confidentiality of the dyads, the videotapes and questionnaires, including the demographic information, was labeled with only a number and was kept in locked files