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dyads had to have complete data sets. Of the 37 eligible dyads, 30 were randomly selected to participate in this study.
The normal comparison group consisted of 30 father-child pairs recruited from the Gainesville, Florida community. Advertisements were placed in Shands Hospital at the University of Florida, recreational areas and community centers, preschools, churches, automotive centers, the local newspaper, and a cable television bulletin board. Of the 30 participants, 11 responded to the newspaper or television advertisement, 10 responded to fliers placed in Shands Hospital, and the remaining nine responded to fliers placed elsewhere in the community. To be eligible for the study, the children met the inclusion criteria described for the clinic-referred sample. Unlike the clinic-referred sample, however, they did not meet criteria for Oppositional Defiant Disorder as determined by their fathers' responses to the DSM-IIIR structured interview. Of the 39 fathers who responded to advertisements about the study, three declined to participate, two did not show up for their appointments, three were screened out due to the age of the child (> 7.0 years), and one was screened out due to a significant speech delay. Additional demographic descriptors of the families were collected to describe the families, including child ethnicity/race, paternal age, paternal level of education and occupation, average annual income, and marital status.
The normal comparison group was balanced with the clinic group only for sex of the child. Otherwise, the comparison group was not formally matched to the clinicreferred group. To ensure that there were no significant demographic differences between the two groups, independent samples t tests or chi-square tests were performed. There