CHAPTER II
A REVIEW OF THE RELATED LITERATURE AND RESEARCH Introduction
The literature on modules will be reviewed in the general conceptual framework of the performance-based movement. It should be noted that the terms performance-based and competency-based are used interchangeably throughout the literature. The former focuses on objectives, while the latter is concerned with criteria. Houston explained that, "exploration of them provides a useful process through which the central core and parameters of competency/performance/proficiency-based teacher education are identified and employed to improve education" (34:26).
Performance-Based Teacher Education
Application of the performance concept to teacher education is gaining approval in state departments and education colleges throughout the country (11). Burdin and Reagan claimed that "such applications constitute a significant step in the gradual refinement of certification the refinement over the years of the means of assuring qualified educational personnel for the schools" (15:133).
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