major categories of electric manufactures, among them

dynamos, transformers, fan motors, telephones, phonographs,

gramaphones, and electric heating apparatus, none of which

had existed on a commercial basis forty years before.



 The standardization of products and processes,

simplification, the movement of materials from one work

station to another, and the widespread application of

power helped to expand production immensely after 1860.

Steel was adopted as a major construction material of

the new age; and, with the introduction of electrical

apparatus on a commercial scale, copper became

increasingly important. Great changes in the nature of

production took place within the period of a few years

and more innovations would occur, in air and ground

travel, and particularly on the road with the intro-

duction and widespread adoption of the automobile.3


 33Technology found a particularly responsive
 people in Americans who prided themselves not only on the
 merits of their republic, but upon their "Yankee Ingenuity"
 as well, which they chose to display at the various World
 Fairs beginning in 1851.

 it was maintained that the exhibition of
 specimens of American industry at London would give
 Europe 'a juster appreciation and a more perfect know-
 ledge of what this Republic is, than could be attained
 in any other way.'" Journal of the Great Exhibition of
 1851, I (February 1, 1851), 14, cited by Merle Curti,
 Probing Our Past (New York: Harper & Bros., 1955),P. 247.

 Americans grew proud of their technology and their
 country, and that pride became identified with progress in
 technology and material wealth. Cf. Curti, Probing Our
 Past, chap. x, "America at the World Fairs, 1851-1893,"
 p. 246.