APPENDIX A
 PSYCHOLOGICAL MEASURES


Self-Assessment Manikin (SAM)

 The Self-Assessment Manikin (SAM) measures subjective

ratings of three independent affective dimensions which have

been derived from factor analytic studies (Hodes, Cook, &

Lang, 1985). The three dimensions include valence (pleasant

to unpleasant), arousal (aroused to calm), and control

(dominance to submission). There are both computer and

paper and pencil versions of SAM. For purposes of this

study, a paper and pencil version of SAM in which each

dimension is presented as a series of nine cartoon

characters will be used. For the valence dimension, SAMs

facial expression gradually changes from a smile to a frown.

Arousal is denoted by increased activity in the abdomen to

no activity and wide eyes to closed eyes. Control is

represented from a very large character who gradually

shrinks in size to a very small character.

Positive and Negative Affect Schedule

 The Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) is

comprised of two 10-item mood scales. Using factor analysis

positive affect (PA) and negative affect (NA) factors were

identified. Principle components analysis was employed to


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