and a smiling face. The number on the message corresponded

 to the total number of dollars and/or lottery tickets won.

 As in the anticipatory anxiety task, the tone designating

 the control trials, the low tone, was not followed by

 anything.

 For both the shock and reward tasks, a square appeared

 on the screen, during the 6 second period between tone and

 stimulus. A cross gradually enlarged within the square. By

 the end of the six seconds, the cross would touch each side

 of the square and the screen would go blank. Since it is

 unclear how patients with cortical strokes estimate time,

 the square and growing cross were used to control for time

 estimation by helping all of the subjects keep tract of time

 during the six second period.

 During both the anticipatory shock and anticipatory

 reward tasks, the procedure was interrupted after each block

 of 10 trials. At that time, the experimenter entered the

 room and administered to the subjects the three-item Self-

 Assessment Manikin (SAM) (Hodes, Cook, & Lang, 1985). The

 SAM, which is described below, is designed as a self-report

 measure of valence (pleasantness-unpleasantness), arousal,

 and dominance (control).

 The Self-Assessment Manikin (SAM) measures subjective

ratings of three independent affective dimensions which have

been derived from factor analytic studies (Hodes, Cook, &

Lang, 1985). The three dimensions include valence (pleasant