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 object stimulates one or more sense organs relaying afferent

 impulses into the cortex. Next, cortical efferents send

 information to skeletal and visceral musculature producing

 complex changes. Lastly, sensory information from the

 affected musculature is projected back to the cortex.

 Perception of this sensory information produces the

 experience of emotion. In the early 20th century, the

 James-Lange theory predominated the study of emotion (Izard,

 1977).

 In 1927, Cannon presented five criticisms of James-

 Lange's hypotheses that perception of autonomic/visceral

 changes are responsible for the experience of emotion.

 First, Cannon cited evidence that spinal cord transactions

 in dogs, in which the sensations of the viscera were

 separated from the CNS, did not alter emotional experience.

 Additionally, he stated that cats who had their entire

 sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system removed

 showed all the manifestations of rage when presented with a

 dog (i.e., hissing, growling, and retraction of the ears)

 except the cats did not raise the hairs on their backs.

 Second, Cannon pointed out that the same visceral changes

 occur during sympathetic arousal even though different

 emotion states may be experienced. Additionally,

 sympathetic arousal produces similar changes in non-

emotional states such as fever or exposure to cold. Third,

Cannon argued that the viscera are relatively insensitive