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 basis of emotional phenomenon and theoretical issues. They

 concluded that a definition of emotion should be broad

 enough to include significant aspects of emotion, but still

 be able to distinguish emotion from other psychological

 phenomenon. They suggested the following definition:

 Emotion is a complex set of interactions among
 subjective and objective factors, mediated by
 neural/hormonal systems, which can (a) give rise to
 affective experiences such as feelings of arousal,
 pleasure/displeasure; (b) generate cognitive processes
 such as emotionally relevant perceptual effects,
 appraisals, labeling processes; (c) activate widespread
 physiological adjustments to the arousing conditions;
 and (d) lead to behavior that is often, but not always,
 expressive, goal directed, and adaptive. (p. 355)

Like the numerous definitions of emotions, there are many

theories of emotion. These differ in their

conceptualization of emotional experience and the role of

cognition in emotional experience. A few prominent emotion

theories are described below.

James-Lanqe versus Cannon Debate

 James (1884/1922) and Lange (1922) were the first to

challenge the common sense view that perception of an event

was followed by the experience of emotion. James stated

that "...the bodily changes follow the perception of the

exciting fact, and that our feelings of the same changes as

they occur is the emotion" (p.13). James proposed that, in

order to experience emotion, one must simultaneously exhibit

physiological and expressive changes, such as tensed muscles

and quickened heart rate during fear. Specifically, the

James-Lange theory states that perception occurs when an