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neuroanatomical areas involved in each lesion. As a
consequence, the results of the individual case studies
needs to be interpreted with caution.
Future Directions
Attempts need to be made to find more accurate ways to
measure pleasant emotional valence. For example, by using
younger, female subjects facial EMG may become a useful
instrument. There are few young female stroke patients.
Perhaps studies using facial EMG would provide more useful
results if conducted with different patient populations,
i.e., patients with temporal lobectomies.
Another possible way to measure facial expressiveness
may be to use a facial coding such as a facial coding system
like FACS or the system of digitizing light changes in
pixels. FACS has been used successfully in the past as a
method to explore facial expressiveness in patients with
unilateral brain damage (Mammacuri, et al., 1988;
Caltagirone, et al., 1989).
Additionally, perhaps the level of arousal during a
reward condition could be raised by providing subjects with
immediate money/lottery tickets or possibly increasing the
monetary value awarded to the subjects.
Most importantly, if an anticipatory paradigm is used
in the future, it will be important to have subjects respond
in some way during the anticipation period to insure that
they are interpreting each trial accurately. One caveat to