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verbal report measures of affective states were given.
These included the Self Assessment Manikin and the Positive
and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) (Watson, Clark, &
Tellegen, 1988). The SAM was described in the methods for
Experiment 1 above. The Positive and negative affect
schedule is comprised of two 10-item mood scales. Using
factor analysis positive affect (PA) and negative affect
(NA) factors have been identified. The directions used
were, "How are you feeling right now?" The experiment
inserted each item into the blank. Subjects were asked to
rate the intensity of each feeling on a scale of 1 to 5,
with 1 corresponding to "not at all" and 5 corresponding to
"extremely."
Procedure
This study consists of two parts, an anticipatory shock
task and an anticipatory reward tasks condition which were
counterbalanced, and described below.
Anticipatory shock task
This task had two parts, a shock and a no-shock
condition. In the shock condition, the subject waited five
minutes to receive a shock. Subjects were told that they
would receive a shock five minutes after hearing the warning
tone and that the strength of this shock was either the same
or greater than that previously given in Experiment 1. At
the end of the five minutes, subjects were given the same
intensity of shock they had previous received in Experiment