39
 were found heterozygouss queen), each was counted once. Frequencies for

 groups of variants represent the sum of the individual variants within a group.

 Drones from the same colony represent only the variants and alleles of

 a single individual, the queen. Frequencies for variants identified from the

 analysis of worker restriction fragment patterns reflect more of the variation

 within a local population, due to the presence of multiple patrilines within

 colonies.

 In diploid worker bees (females), RFLPs are codominantly expressed.

When two restriction fragment variants contain common fragments, fragment

superimposition results as a consequence of comigration. Thus for workers,

frequencies were determined for groups of Mspl variants, since more than one

variant from the same group could account for the fragment patterns seen

(Figure 8), and since the variant group was correlated to the ancestry of the

sample (see previous chapter). If the identity of the variant group to which a

particular fragment belonged was uncertain, the frequency for the group was

reported as a range (Table 4).

 In Ddel digests of the majority of worker samples, fragment comigration

precluded the identification of variants (Figure 11) and the determination of the

frequencies of both individual variants and of variant groups. Consequently,

frequencies of Ddel variants, and therefore of alleles, were determined only for

those populations for which drones were available (South Africa, Honduras,

southern Mexico, and the USA; Tables 5 & 6).