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drones were reported in the previous chapter. Workers from Europe (larvae and

pupae) were provided by B. Vaissiere, Texas A&M, and J.-M. Cornuet, INRA

Monfavet, France. These included samples of west European A. m. mellifera

(8 colonies), and east European A. m. ligustica (3 colonies) and A. m.

caucasica (2 colonies).

 For determining the frequencies of the Mspl variants, a total of 862 bees

were analyzed (402 drones, 460 workers), representing 128 Old and New

World colonies. For determining the Ddel variant frequencies, the 402 drones

analyzed for the Mspl variant frequencies and an additional 106 drones were

examined, from a total of 122 colonies. Allele frequencies were determined for

401 drones from 114 colonies, for which both the Mspl and Ddel variants had

been identified.

 Frequencies of variants and alleles. In haploid drones, frequencies for

Mspl and Ddel variants and alleles were calculated as a fraction of the total

number of variants or alleles detected. The numbers of variants and alleles

detected were determined as described by Hall (1992b), using the data for

drones. At least two drones were analyzed per colony. When fewer than six

drones were analyzed per colony and only one variant or allele was found, the

variant or allele was counted once. When more than six drones were analyzed

and one variant or allele was detected, it was counted twice (greater than 95%

probability that the queen was homozygous). When two variants or alleles