7
 provided by J. Martin, G. Waller, G. Loper, and E. Erickson (Page, Erickson &

 Laidlaw 1982; Severson, Page & Erickson 1986); managed colonies in Kansas,

 provided by O. Taylor, University of Kansas; the University of Florida apiaries;

 and the Kona Queen Company, Captain Hook, HI.

 Electrophoretic analysis of honey bee DNA. The cloned probe pB178

 came from a library of Pstl-digested European honey bee DNA ligated into the

 plasmid vector pBR322 (Hall 1986). This clone was used as a radioactive

 probe for detecting RFLPs in honey bee DNA digested with restriction

 endonucleases and separated electrophoretically. Isolation of genomic DNA,

 restriction endonuclease digestions, electrophoresis, probe preparation and

 labeling, blotting, and hybridizations were conducted as previously described

 or cited (Hall 1986, 1990) without further modification.

 Initial detection of polymorphisms. In the initial search for

polymorphisms, DNA was isolated from a pool of ten workers from a New

World European (USA) colony and from a New World African (Costa Rica)

colony (Hall 1986, 1990). DNA from each pooled sample was digested

separately with nine restriction endonucleases, and separated in 2% agarose

gels. The restriction fragment profiles for the European and African samples

were compared following hybridization with cloned probe pB178. The sizes (in

kilobase pairs, kb) of the restriction fragments were estimated by comparison

to size standards using a HI-PAD digitizer (Houston Instruments).

Polymorphisms were detected in the Mspl- and Ddel-treated samples.