integration, choosing, decision-making and evaluation. The thematic system finds its

roots in: 1) ego gratification, 2) self-actuation and 3) altruism (Cavalier, 2000).

 Self-actuation is the motivation of individuals to seek ways to fully express their

interest, talents and potentials as human beings. The people who are characterized by

these motives may have talents or power over others by the virtue of their knowledge or

talents. Altruism is the principal motivational theme for people who seek opportunities to

help others (Cavalier, 2000). In rough terms, altruism is defined as an internal concept

that refers to the tendency or disposition of an entity to help others (Smith, 2000).

 Penner (2002) used data from 1100 individuals who responded to a survey in the

USA Weekend, a Sunday supplement magazine carried in 560 newspapers, which

contained an article on altruism and invited readers to respond to an online poll about

their prosocial behaviors. This behavior is defined as an individual's empathy and

feelings of concern and responsibility for the welfare of others. Results from this study

showed that age was significantly and positively associated with the number of

organizations and length of time spent working for an organization.

Motivation Sources

 Another instrument used to measure motivation sources was developed by

Barbuto and Scholl (1998), the motivation sources inventory has been used to predict

leadership influence tactics, transformational leadership behaviors and follower

compliance using sources of motivation which include: intrinsic, instrumental, external

and internal self-concept. It has shown to be reliable and valid in reported studies and

captures the sources of motivation.