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BT
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(Bacterial Wilt of Pepper )Tj
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553 747 Td
(4)Tj
/T1_1 13 Tf
-426 -29 Td
(Management)Tj
/T1_2 11 Tf
-56 -25 Td
(Because it is caused by a genetically diverse )Tj
-20 -13 Td
(soilborne pathogen with a wide host range, bacterial )Tj
0 -14 TD
(wilt is very difficult to control after it is established in )Tj
T*
(the field. No single measure totally prevents losses )Tj
T*
(caused by the disease. In the southeastern United )Tj
T*
(States, the prevalent biovar 1 isolates of )Tj
/T1_3 11 Tf
(R. )Tj
T*
(solanacearum)Tj
/T1_2 11 Tf
( have not been found to cause any )Tj
T*
(losses in pepper. Quarantine regulation must, )Tj
0 -13 TD
(therefore, be enforced to prevent introduction of )Tj
0 -14 TD
(exotic strains in this portion of the country. )Tj
20 -24 Td
(Cultural practices, if judiciously used, can reduce )Tj
-20 -14 Td
(disease incidence and severity, allowing the disease )Tj
T*
(to be manageable. Seedlings must be free from )Tj
T*
(infection by )Tj
/T1_3 11 Tf
(R. solanacearum)Tj
/T1_2 11 Tf
(. It is mandatory that )Tj
0 -13 TD
(commercial seedling producers use irrigation water )Tj
0 -14 TD
(not contaminated with the pathogen. Fields should not )Tj
T*
(be over-irrigated, because excess soil moisture favors )Tj
T*
(disease build-up. Crop rotation with non-susceptible )Tj
T*
(crops reduces soilborne populations of the bacterium. )Tj
T*
(The rotation period and the effective break crops )Tj
T*
(should be identified locally for economic reasons, )Tj
0 -13 TD
(although grasses usually are preferred. Shifting )Tj
0 -14 TD
(planting dates to cooler periods of the year can help )Tj
T*
(escape the disease. Soil amendments with inorganic )Tj
T*
(and organic mixtures reduce wilt incidence in some )Tj
T*
(locations, but more research is required to provide )Tj
T*
(explicit and economically feasible types of material )Tj
T*
(and doses for reliable disease management. )Tj
20 -23 Td
(In Brazil and Taiwan, the breeding line MC-4 )Tj
-20 -14 Td
(\()Tj
/T1_3 11 Tf
(Capsicum annuum)Tj
/T1_2 11 Tf
(\), from Malaysia, was found to be )Tj
T*
(very resistant to various isolates of biovars 1 and 3, )Tj
T*
(and is being recommended for breeding programs in )Tj
T*
(Brazil. In Japan, India and Taiwan other sources of )Tj
T*
(resistance have been identified in sweet peppers. )Tj
T*
(Since bacterial wilt-resistant tomato and potato )Tj
0 -13 TD
(cultivars have failed across locations due to variation )Tj
0 -14 TD
(in environmental factors and strains, resistance should )Tj
T*
(be seen as an additional factor among other )Tj
T*
(management practices. )Tj
/T1_1 13 Tf
52 -25 Td
(Selected References)Tj
/T1_2 11 Tf
-32 -24 Td
(Buddenhagen, I.W., Sequeira, L. and Kelman, A. )Tj
-20 -14 Td
(1962. Designation of races of )Tj
/T1_3 11 Tf
(Pseudomonas )Tj
T*
(solanacearum, )Tj
/T1_2 11 Tf
(Phytopathology 52:726.)Tj
285 649 Td
(Denny, T.P. and Hayward, A.C. 2001. )Tj
-20 -14 Td
(Gram-Negative Bacteria: )Tj
/T1_3 11 Tf
(Ralstonia)Tj
/T1_2 11 Tf
(. Pages 151-174 )Tj
0 -13 TD
(In: Schaad, N.W., Jones, J.B., and Chun, W. , eds. )Tj
0 -14 TD
(Laboratory Guide for Identification of Plant )Tj
T*
(Pathogenic Bacteria. 3)Tj
/T1_2 8 Tf
5 Ts (rd)Tj
/T1_2 11 Tf
0 Ts ( ed, American )Tj
T*
(Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN. 373pp.)Tj
20 -24 Td
(Granada, G.A. and Sequeira, L. 1983. Survival )Tj
-20 -14 Td
(of )Tj
/T1_3 11 Tf
(Pseudomonas solanacearum)Tj
/T1_2 11 Tf
( in soil, rhizosphere, )Tj
T*
(and plant roots. Canadian Journal of Microbiology )Tj
0 -13 TD
(29:443-440.)Tj
20 -24 Td
(Hayward, A.C. 1964. Characteristics of )Tj
/T1_3 11 Tf
-20 -14 Td
(Pseudomonas solanacearum)Tj
/T1_2 11 Tf
(. Journal of Applied )Tj
0 -14 TD
(Bacteriology 27:265-277.)Tj
20 -24 Td
(Hayward A.C. and Hartman, G.L., eds. 1994. )Tj
-20 -14 Td
(Bacterial Wilt: The Disease and its Causative Agent, )Tj
/T1_3 11 Tf
0 -13 TD
(Pseudomonas solanacearum)Tj
/T1_2 11 Tf
(. CABI, UK.)Tj
20 -24 Td
(Kelman, A. 1954. The relationship of )Tj
-20 -14 Td
(pathogenicity in )Tj
/T1_3 11 Tf
(Pseudomonas solanacearum)Tj
/T1_2 11 Tf
( to )Tj
0 -14 TD
(colony appearance on a tetrazolium medium. )Tj
T*
(Phytopathology 44:693-695.)Tj
20 -23 Td
(Kucharek, T. 1998. Bacterial wilt of row crops )Tj
-20 -14 Td
(in Florida. University of Florida Circular 1207, 9 pp.)Tj
20 -24 Td
(Pradhanang, P.M., Elphinstone, J.G. and Fox, )Tj
-20 -14 Td
(R.T.V. 2000. Identification of crop and weed hosts of )Tj
/T1_3 11 Tf
T*
(Ralstonia solanacearum)Tj
/T1_2 11 Tf
( biovar 2 in the hills of Nepal. )Tj
T*
(Plant Pathology 49:403-413.)Tj
20 -23 Td
(Quezado-Soares, A.M. and Lopes, C.A. 1995. )Tj
-20 -14 Td
(Stability of the resistance to bacterial wilt of the )Tj
T*
(sweet pepper MC\3204 challenged with strains of )Tj
/T1_3 11 Tf
T*
(Pseudomonas solanacearum)Tj
/T1_2 11 Tf
(. Fitopatologia-Brasileira )Tj
T*
(20:638-641. )Tj
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