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(Update on Management Methods for Cycad Aulacaspis Scale)Tj
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(4)Tj
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(One grower reported good control by pruning all )Tj
-20 -14 Td
(infested fronds. However, the next flush of fronds )Tj
0 -13 TD
(may become infested from the stem or roots, and )Tj
0 -14 TD
(successive pruning to control the scale may severely )Tj
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(stress the plant.)Tj
/T1_2 13 Tf
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(Impediments to Management)Tj
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-5 -25 Td
(Unfortunately, the cycad aulacaspis scale insect )Tj
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(is an unusually hard pest to control. The effects of )Tj
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(chemical \(including oil\) treatments are often )Tj
0 -14 TD
(variable. Treatments with highly toxic products such )Tj
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(as methidathion may be highly effective, but would )Tj
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(be disruptive to biocontrol. The scale covers remain )Tj
T*
(on the plant long after the insect itself dies and )Tj
T*
(previous scale sites may still look chlorotic, so when )Tj
T*
(control is achieved it may not be obvious to the )Tj
0 -13 TD
(observer. This scale quickly re-infests plants. This )Tj
0 -14 TD
(may be at least partly due to its presence on the roots, )Tj
T*
(where it is even harder to control. )Tj
/T1_2 13 Tf
21 -25 Td
(Long Term Outlook for Cycad )Tj
42 -16 Td
(Aulacaspis Scale)Tj
/T1_1 11 Tf
-43 -25 Td
(A factor in this problem is that the two most )Tj
-20 -13 Td
(popular species of arborescent cycads in Florida, )Tj
/T1_3 11 Tf
T*
(Cycas rumphii )Tj
/T1_1 11 Tf
(and )Tj
/T1_3 11 Tf
(C. revoluta)Tj
/T1_1 11 Tf
(, have for many years )Tj
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(been grown as "low maintenance plants." They are )Tj
T*
(quite drought resistant, have low fertilizer )Tj
T*
(requirements, and had relatively few significant pest )Tj
T*
(problems prior to the invasion of cycad aulacaspis )Tj
T*
(scale. Homeowners who prize their cycads and )Tj
0 -13 TD
(managers of valuable cycad collections in botanical )Tj
0 -14 TD
(gardens are willing to invest considerable effort in )Tj
T*
(managing this scale, while others question whether )Tj
T*
(such effort is justified for what they conceive as a )Tj
T*
("low maintenance plant.'")Tj
20 -24 Td
(\n\nA long-term strategy may involve the use of )Tj
-20 -13 Td
(cycads that are resistant or not preferred by the cycad )Tj
T*
(aulacaspis scale. For example, )Tj
/T1_3 11 Tf
(Dioon spinulosoum)Tj
/T1_1 11 Tf
( )Tj
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(\(Figure 6\), gives an effect in the landscape that is )Tj
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(similar to that of )Tj
/T1_3 11 Tf
(Cycas revoluta, C. rumphii)Tj
/T1_1 11 Tf
(, or )Tj
/T1_3 11 Tf
(C. )Tj
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(taitungensis)Tj
/T1_1 11 Tf
(. This species is almost never attacked by )Tj
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(cycad aulacaspis scale.)Tj
/T1_2 9 Tf
265 407 Td
(Figure 6. )Tj
/T1_4 9 Tf
(Dioon spinulosum)Tj
/T1_0 9 Tf
(. Credits: F. W. Howard, )Tj
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(University of Florida)Tj
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(Selected References)Tj
/T1_1 11 Tf
-32 -25 Td
(Ben-Dov, Y., D.R. Miller and G.A.P. Gibson. )Tj
-20 -14 Td
(2003. Scalenet, distribution query.)Tj
20 -24 Td
(Life histories. )Tj
-20 -14 Td
(http://www.sel.barc.usda.gov/scalenet/lifehist.htm)Tj
20 -23 Td
(Germain, J.F. 2002. )Tj
/T1_3 11 Tf
(Aulacaspis yasumatsui)Tj
/T1_1 11 Tf
( )Tj
-20 -14 Td
(Takagi: un risqu\216 pour les cycas. )Tj
0 -14 TD
(PHM-Revue-Horticole. No. 440, 43-44.)Tj
20 -24 Td
(Hamon, A. 2000. Cycad aulacaspis scale, )Tj
/T1_3 11 Tf
-20 -14 Td
(Aulacaspis yasumatsui)Tj
/T1_1 11 Tf
(. )Tj
T*
(http://www.doacs.state.fl.us/~pi/enpp/emto/)Tj
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(aulacaspis.html)Tj
20 -23 Td
(Howard, F.W., A.Hamon, M.McLaughlin and T. )Tj
-20 -14 Td
(Weissling. 1999. )Tj
/T1_3 11 Tf
(Aulacaspis yasumatsui)Tj
/T1_1 11 Tf
( \(Homoptera: )Tj
T*
(Sternorrhyncha: Diaspididae\), a scale insect pest of )Tj
T*
(cycads recently introduced into Florida. Florida )Tj
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(Entomol. 82: 14-27.)Tj
20 -23 Td
(Weissling, T. J. and F.W. Howard. 1999. Cycad )Tj
-20 -14 Td
(aulacaspis scale in Featured Creatures \(EENY-096\). )Tj
T*
(http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/IN253.)Tj
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