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(Reduced Chemical Management of Fleas)Tj
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(3)Tj
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(Topical applications are available through )Tj
-20 -14 Td
(veterinarians. They are spot-on oils which are applied )Tj
0 -13 TD
(to the shoulder region of the pet and distribute over )Tj
0 -14 TD
(the body within a few hours. They are non-toxic to )Tj
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(mammals and kill almost all fleas on the pet within 24 )Tj
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(hours.)Tj
/T1_2 11 Tf
65 -24 Td
(Premise Treatment )Tj
/T1_1 11 Tf
-45 -24 Td
(Carpets can be effectively treated with boric acid )Tj
-20 -13 Td
(or borax, alone or in combination with diatomaceous )Tj
T*
(earth. Boric acid should be applied as a dust to )Tj
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(indoor flea breeding areas. Boric acid may eventually )Tj
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(cause damage to carpet fabric or upholstery. Boron )Tj
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(compounds should not be used outdoors since they )Tj
T*
(act as non-selective herbicides and will kill most )Tj
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(plants. )Tj
20 -23 Td
(Diatomaceous earth is made up of the fossil )Tj
-20 -14 Td
(shells of single celled algae called diatoms. The shells )Tj
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(are chemically and physically like ground-up glass. )Tj
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(Diatomaceous earth kills only flea larvae. The larvae )Tj
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(are scratched by sharp edges, lose body moisture, and )Tj
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(die from desiccation. It has been found to be effective )Tj
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(in dry climates but is much less effective in humid )Tj
0 -13 TD
(Florida. Linalool is an extract from citrus peels which )Tj
0 -14 TD
(is registered for indoor flea control. A wide range of )Tj
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(conventional insecticides are registered for flea )Tj
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(control as water diluted sprays, total release aerosols, )Tj
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(or hand-held aerosols. Most of these would be )Tj
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(unacceptable to pet owners who are uncomfortable )Tj
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(with synthetic insecticides. No matter what product )Tj
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(is used, always follow label directions.)Tj
/T1_2 13 Tf
61 -25 Td
(References Cited )Tj
/T1_1 11 Tf
-41 -25 Td
(Byron, D. and W. Robinson. 1986. )Tj
/T1_3 11 Tf
(Much ado )Tj
-20 -14 Td
(about fleas)Tj
/T1_1 11 Tf
(. Pest Control 1986 \(May\): 40-42, 47. )Tj
20 -24 Td
(Dryden, M. W., G. R. Long, and M. G. Sayed. )Tj
-20 -13 Td
(1989. )Tj
/T1_3 11 Tf
(Effects of ultrasonic flea collars on )Tj
0 -14 TD
(Ctenocephalides felis on cats)Tj
/T1_1 11 Tf
(. J. Am. Vet. Med. )Tj
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(Assoc. 195\(12\): 1717-1718. )Tj
20 -24 Td
(Hinkle, N. C., P. G. Koehler, and R. S. Patterson. )Tj
-20 -14 Td
(1990. )Tj
/T1_3 11 Tf
(Egg production, larval development, and adult )Tj
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(longevity of cat fleas \(Siphonaptera: Pulicidae\) )Tj
0 -13 TD
(exposed to ultrasound.)Tj
/T1_1 11 Tf
( J. Econ. Entomol. 83\(6\): )Tj
0 -14 TD
(2306-2309 )Tj
285 639 Td
(Olkowski, W., H. Olkowski, and S. Daar. 1983. )Tj
/T1_3 11 Tf
-20 -14 Td
(IPM for the cat flea)Tj
/T1_1 11 Tf
(. The IPM Practitioner 5\(9\): 7-11. )Tj
20 -23 Td
(Sudekum, M., R. H. Poppenga, N. Raju, and W. )Tj
-20 -14 Td
(E. Braselton. 1992. Pennyroyal oil toxicosis in a dog. )Tj
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(J. Amer. Vet. Med. Assoc. 200: 817-818.)Tj
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